Effects of milk, pasteurized milk, and milk replacer on health and productivity of dairy calves

Our objectives were to determine the health and blood parameters before, during, and after weaning of 114 Holstein heifers fed either accelerated milk replacer (MR; 28% CP, 18% fat) or non-saleable milk (3.59 ± 0.28% true protein; 4.12 ± 0.37% fat) that was either pasteurized (PM) or raw (RM; refrigerated and fed \u3c24 h after collection). Calves were randomly assigned to feeding treatments at birth. Colostrum (1 L) was fed less than 14 hours after birth (MR and PM = pasteurized colostrum; RM = raw colostrum). All calves were bottle-fed 1.8 ± 0.20 L, 3 times daily; all calves were provided fresh water and grain ad libitum throughout the experiment. Calves began step-down weaning at age 5 weeks and completed weaning at age 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected at ages 3, 5, and 7 weeks and were analyzed for complete blood counts (CBC) using a Procyte Idexx Analyzer (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME). Fecal scores were observed twice daily, on a 1 to 3 scale (FS1 = normal, FS2 = loose, FS3 = scours). Results showed that MR-fed calves had more (P \u3c 0.01) observations (%obs) with FS \u3e 2 than the PM- and RM-fed calves (2.3 vs. 1.6 and 1.7 ± 0.2 %obs, respectively). In addition, there were no differences in body weight or shoulder or hip height between treatments, but a treatment x week interaction (P = 0.05) occurred for grain consumed, with a noticeably higher increase between 6 and 7 weeks of age for MR calves. When CBC was considered, there were no differences in blood cell types, but MR-fed calves had greater mean corpuscular volume (MCV) than the other calves (P \u3c 0.01), leading to higher resistance for iron deficiency anemia. In conclusion, these findings suggest that calf performance and feed intake are not affected by the administration of raw milk, pasteurized milk, or milk replacer. Moreover, CBC health parameters showed no significant changes due to administration of the different types of milk sources.; Dairy Day, 2014, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2014; Dairy Research, 2014 is known as Dairy Day, 201

Effects of milk, pasteurized milk, and milk replacer on health and productivity of dairy calves

Dairy Research, 2014 is known as Dairy Day, 2014Our objectives were to determine the health and blood parameters before, during, and after weaning of 114 Holstein heifers fed either accelerated milk replacer (MR; 28% CP, 18% fat) or non-saleable milk (3.59 ± 0.28% true protein; 4.12 ± 0.37% fat) that was either pasteurized (PM) or raw (RM; refrigerated and fed <24 h after collection). Calves were randomly assigned to feeding treatments at birth. Colostrum (1 L) was fed less than 14 hours after birth (MR and PM = pasteurized colostrum; RM = raw colostrum). All calves were bottle-fed 1.8 ± 0.20 L, 3 times daily; all calves were provided fresh water and grain ad libitum throughout the experiment. Calves began step-down weaning at age 5 weeks and completed weaning at age 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected at ages 3, 5, and 7 weeks and were analyzed for complete blood counts (CBC) using a Procyte Idexx Analyzer (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME). Fecal scores were observed twice daily, on a 1 to 3 scale (FS1 = normal, FS2 = loose, FS3 = scours). Results showed that MR-fed calves had more (P < 0.01) observations (%obs) with FS > 2 than the PM- and RM-fed calves (2.3 vs. 1.6 and 1.7 ± 0.2 %obs, respectively). In addition, there were no differences in body weight or shoulder or hip height between treatments, but a treatment × week interaction (P = 0.05) occurred for grain consumed, with a noticeably higher increase between 6 and 7 weeks of age for MR calves. When CBC was considered, there were no differences in blood cell types, but MR-fed calves had greater mean corpuscular volume (MCV) than the other calves (P < 0.01), leading to higher resistance for iron deficiency anemia. In conclusion, these findings suggest that calf performance and feed intake are not affected by the administration of raw milk, pasteurized milk, or milk replacer. Moreover, CBC health parameters showed no significant changes due to administration of the different types of milk sources

“It's a lot more complicated than it seems”: physiotherapists' experiences of using compensation strategies in people with Parkinson's

BackgroundGait disturbances often result in functional limitations in daily activities and negatively impact the quality of life in people with Parkinson's disease. Physiotherapists often employ compensation strategies in an attempt to improve patients' walking. However, little is known about physiotherapists' experiences in this regard. We evaluated how physiotherapists adopt compensation strategies and what they draw on to inform their clinical decision-making.MethodsWe carried out semi-structured online interviews with 13 physiotherapists with current or recent experience working with people with Parkinson's disease in the United Kingdom. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was utilized.ResultsTwo main themes were developed from the data. The first theme, optimizing compensation strategies through personalized care, shows how physiotherapists accounted for the individual needs and characteristics of people with Parkinson's, which resulted in them individually tailoring compensation strategies. The second theme, delivering compensation strategies effectively, considers the available support and perceived challenges with work settings and experience that impact physiotherapists' ability to deliver compensation strategies.DiscussionAlthough physiotherapists strived to optimize compensation strategies, there was a lack of formal training in this area, and their knowledge was primarily acquired from peers. Furthermore, a lack of specific knowledge on Parkinson's can impact physiotherapists’ confidence in maintaining person-centered rehabilitation. However, the question that remains to be answered is what accessible training could address the knowledge–practice gap to contribute to the delivery of better-personalized care for people with Parkinson's

Dancing with Parkinson's - an exploration of teaching and the impact on whole body coordination during turning

Parkinson’s is a common, progressive, neurodegenerative movement disorder of the central nervous system, presenting with particular impairment of the motor system. Despite a growing body of literature recommending the use of dance for the treatment and management of Parkinson’s, the exact impact and effect on turning ability has not been investigated. In addition, the experience of those teaching dance has also received little attention.The purpose of this research study was to explore the experience of teaching ballroom and Latin American dance classes for people with Parkinson’s (PwP) from a qualitative perspective alongside the main aim of investigating effects on turning in PwP from a quantitative perspective.Qualitatively, three dance teachers were approached to participate in semi-structured interviews before and after teaching dance classes for PwP over one year. A thematic analysis was undertaken using a framework approach, informed by the principles of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Two dance teachers participated, with analysis generating four themes: 1) the role of adaptation, 2) the context and 3) practical application of the class and 4) how achievement was measured and the impact of the teacher.Quantitatively, twenty-four PwP were randomly allocated to receive either twenty, one-hour dancing classes over 10-weeks (n=12), or usual care (n=12). Using 3-dimensional movement analysis before and after the intervention period, measures of latency and horizontal movement of the eyes, head, thorax, shoulders, pelvis and feet, centre of mass displacement, and the total time of a 180 degree on-the-spot turn were taken alongside clinical measures.Statistical analysis (4-way ANOVA) demonstrated a significant four-way interaction for head latency (p=0.008), with mean values showing longer latency in the usual care. Similar trends were also shown in pelvis latency (p=0.077), first (p=0.063) and second (p=0.081) foot latency, with mean values suggesting longer pelvis latency and slower foot movement in the usual care group, although all results were affected by prediction and preference of turn direction. Significant between-group differences were also found for pelvis rotation (p=0.036), with the usual care group showing greater rotation. No differences were found in the centre of mass displacement, turn time or clinical measures. As a result of interpretation the main findings suggest a tighter coupling and greater co-ordination of all segments following dance.In conclusion, teachers’ expectations and experiences suggest a multidimensional impact of dance for PwP with importance of socialisation, increased confidence, level of achievement and participation, knowledge of which will support the development of dance classes for PwP.Specifically, body segments (head, pelvis and feet) appear more coordinated in time and sequence following dance in PwP, suggesting a more ‘en bloc’ turning pattern with greater inter-segmental coordination. However, this is influenced by direction of turn preference and prediction, with further research required to comment on the clinical implications

A narrative review of turning deficits in people with Parkinson's disease

Purpose: Clinically, people with Parkinson's disease (PD) demonstrate a loss of axial rotation of the spine often described as moving "enbloc", with little dissociation between the head, trunk and lower limbs whilst turning. The purpose of this narrative review is to explore the behaviour and relationship of the reported deficits during whole body turning in people with PD, compared to controls. Better understanding of the relationship and impact of the deficits will permit the development of tailored and novel intervention strategies to improve functional performance in turning for people with PD. Methods: Four electronic databases with the search terms: Parkinson* and turn* were used. Results: Seventy-seven papers were reviewed. Turning deficits in people with PD were identified as originating from two hypothetical body segments - perpendicular (i.e. legs) or axial (i.e. head, trunk and pelvis) segments and the relationship between them discussed. Conclusion: Specific movement deficits in turning in people with PD can be categorised into axial and perpendicular deficits. Synthesis of the literature suggests the possibility of axial deficits driving secondary responses in the perpendicular segments. This should be explored when designing rehabilitation aimed at improving turning performance, as current therapy guidelines focus on exercises emphasising perpendicular aspects. Implications for Rehabilitation Turning performance is compromised in people with PD, which can lead to significant disability, falls and loss of function. Specific movement deficits can be categorised into perpendicular deficits (taking more steps and shorter steps and an altered turn strategy) and axial deficits (segment rigidity, altered segment co-ordination and timing, reduced segment rotation and the effects of altered posture). Axial deficits may drive secondary responses in the perpendicular segments during turning in people with PD. Therefore, specific focus should be made to the rehabilitation of the axial deficits alongside those of the perpendicular body segments in the design of multi-modal treatment strategies to improve turning performance.peerreview_statement: The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope. aims_and_scope_url: http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=idre20status: publishe

Dance for Parkinson’s—The effects on whole body co-ordination during turning around

Objective To investigate the effects of ballroom and Latin American dancing classes on turning in people with Parkinson’s. Design This study employed a randomised, controlled, experimental design. Setting Dance classes were performed in a community dance centre in Southern England and all assessments took place a gait laboratory. Participants Twenty-seven people with mild-moderate Parkinson’s participated. Intervention Participants were randomly allocated to receive either 20, 1-h dancing classes over 10 weeks (n = 15), or a ‘usual care’ control group (n = 12). Main outcome measure Twelve, 180° on-the-spot turns to the predicted/un-predicted and preferred/un-preferred direction were analysed for each participant, using 3-dimensional motion analysis before and after the intervention period, alongside clinical measures. Results Movement of the head, pelvis, and feet during turning in people with Parkinson’s are affected by dancing with tighter coupling of body segments. Significant 4-way interactions between the groups, over time and turn style, with longer latency of the head (p = 0.008) and greater rotation in the pelvis (p = 0.036), alongside a trend of slower movement of the first (p = 0.063) and second (p = 0.081) foot in controls were shown, with minimal change in dancers. All interactions were affected by the type of turn. No significant differences were found in the centre of mass displacement, turn time or clinical measures. Conclusion Those who danced were better able to coordinate their axial and perpendicular segments and surprisingly became more ‘en bloc’ in their turning behaviour, suggesting this may be a beneficial adaptation, rather than a maladaptive result of Parkinson’s, as previously suggested.status: publishe

Dance for Parkinson’s—The effects on whole body co-ordination during turning around

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of ballroom and Latin American dancing classes on turning in people with Parkinson’s.DesignThis study employed a randomised, controlled, experimental design.SettingDance classes were performed in a community dance centre in Southern England and all assessments took place a gait laboratory.ParticipantsTwenty-seven people with mild-moderate Parkinson’s participated.InterventionParticipants were randomly allocated to receive either 20, 1-h dancing classes over 10 weeks (n = 15), or a ‘usual care’ control group (n = 12).Main outcome measureTwelve, 180° on-the-spot turns to the predicted/un-predicted and preferred/un-preferred direction were analysed for each participant, using 3-dimensional motion analysis before and after the intervention period, alongside clinical measures.ResultsMovement of the head, pelvis, and feet during turning in people with Parkinson’s are affected by dancing with tighter coupling of body segments. Significant 4-way interactions between the groups, over time and turn style, with longer latency of the head (p = 0.008) and greater rotation in the pelvis (p = 0.036), alongside a trend of slower movement of the first (p = 0.063) and second (p = 0.081) foot in controls were shown, with minimal change in dancers. All interactions were affected by the type of turn. No significant differences were found in the centre of mass displacement, turn time or clinical measures.ConclusionThose who danced were better able to coordinate their axial and perpendicular segments and surprisingly became more ‘en bloc’ in their turning behaviour, suggesting this may be a beneficial adaptation, rather than a maladaptive result of Parkinson’s, as previously suggested.<br/

A narrative review of turning deficits in people with Parkinson’s disease

Purpose: Clinically, people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) demonstrate a loss of axial rotation of the spine often described as moving “enbloc”, with little dissociation between the head, trunk and lower limbs whilst turning. The purpose of this narrative review is to explore the behaviour and relationship of the reported deficits during whole body turning in people with PD, compared to controls. Better understanding of the relationship and impact of the deficits will permit the development of tailored and novel intervention strategies to improve functional performance in turning for people with PD. Methods: Four electronic databases with the search terms: Parkinson* and turn* were used. Results: Seventy-seven papers were reviewed. Turning deficits in people with PD were identified as originating from two hypothetical body segments – perpendicular (i.e. legs) or axial (i.e. head, trunk and pelvis) segments and the relationship between them discussed. Conclusion: Specific movement deficits in turning in people with PD can be categorised into axial and perpendicular deficits. Synthesis of the literature suggests the possibility of axial deficits driving secondary responses in the perpendicular segments. This should be explored when designing rehabilitation aimed at improving turning performance, as current therapy guidelines focus on exercises emphasising perpendicular aspects

Challenges and solutions to establishing and sustaining citizen science projects in South Africa

Citizen science is a term for research that engages non-scientists in the collection and generation of data. Many citizen science projects exist within South Africa and, because of their success, we expect more projects will be initiated. In this Commentary, we discuss three projects based in, but not confined to, the Western Cape Province to provide context for their methods, specific objectives and overall desired impacts. We then identify a few challenges that we have faced from the researcher perspective and we provide recommendations for those interested in initiating a citizen science project in South Africa. Many projects involve citizen scientists because their participation enhances the breadth of the research through the collection of data over greater spatio-temporal scales.1-3 However, not all projects in South Africa have purely research objectives, some are education-oriented with the specific objective of empowering the participants. In some cases, the educational objectives may be motivated by the desire to engage local communities or by the understanding of ubuntu wisdom. Citizen science is therefore a powerful approach to address multiple objectives, but there are many challenges to achieving the desired outcomes. We outline these challenges below within the context of an education-oriented project, a research-oriented project and a project that combines the two objectives.https://www.sajs.co.zapm2020Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI

A design to investigate the feasibility and effects of partnered ballroom dancing on people with Parkinson disease: randomized controlled trial protocol

Background: self-help and physical leisure activities has become increasingly important in the maintenance of safe and functional mobility among an increasingly elderly population. Preventing the cycle of deterioration, falling, inactivity, dependency, and secondary complications in people with Parkinson disease (PD) is a priority. Research has shown that people with PD are interested in dance and although the few existing trials are small, initial proof of principle trials from the United States have demonstrated beneficial effects on balance control, gait, and activity levels. To our knowledge, there has been no research into long-term effects, cost effectiveness, the influence on spinal posture and turning, or the personal insights of dance participants.Objective: the purpose of this study was to determine the methodological feasibility of conducting a definitive phase III trial to evaluate the benefits of dance in people with PD. We will build on the proof of principle trials by addressing gaps in knowledge, focusing on areas of greatest methodological uncertainty; the choice of dances and intensity of the program; for the main trial, the availability of partners, the suitability of the currently envisaged primary outcomes, balance and spinal posture; and the key costs of delivering and participating in a dance program to inform economic evaluation.Methods: fifty participants (mild-to-moderate condition) will be randomized to the control (usual care) or experimental (dance plus usual care) groups at a ratio of 15:35. Dance will be taught by professional teachers in a dance center in the South of England. Each participant in the experimental group will dance with his or her spouse, a friend, or a partner from a bank of volunteers. A blinded assessor will complete clinical measures and self-reported ability at baseline, and at 3 and 6 months after randomization. A qualitative study of a subgroup of participants and partners will examine user’s views about the appropriateness and acceptability of the intervention, assessment protocol, and general trial procedures. Procedures for an economic evaluation of dance for health care will be developed for the main trial.Results: recruitment began in January 2013 and the last participant is expected to complete the trial follow-up in June 2014.Conclusions: findings from our study may provide novel insights into the way people with PD become involved in dance, their views and opinions, and the suitability of our primary and secondary outcome