Thermodynamic instability and the violation of reverse isoperimetric inequality in Torus-like black hole

Recently, conjectures have been made that there is a correlation between thermodynamic instability and super-entropy~\cite{{Johnson:2019mdp},{Cong:2019bud}}. In this paper, we started with torus-like black holes and verified the correlation mentioned above. After solving the specific analytical solutions of the specific heat capacity at constant volume $C_{V}$, the specific heat capacity at constant pressure $C_{P}$ and plotting the figures, we obtained the results which are consistent with the hypothesis from Ref. \cite{Cong:2019bud}. To further verify the generality of conjectures, we explored the BTZ black hole in nonlinear electrodynamics and phantom AdS black hole. And then the results are summarized via a table. Ultimately, the comparison among these three black holes leads us to the conclusion that there is no essential connection between thermodynamic instability and super-entropy.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl

Uniaxial Mechanical Strain Modulates the Differentiation of Neural Crest Stem Cells into Smooth Muscle Lineage on Micropatterned Surfaces

Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) play an important role in the development and represent a valuable cell source for tissue engineering. However, how mechanical factors in vivo regulate NCSC differentiation is not understood. Here NCSCs were derived from induced pluripotent stem cells and used as a model to determine whether vascular mechanical strain modulates the differentiation of NCSCs into smooth muscle (SM) lineage. NCSCs were cultured on micropatterned membranes to mimic the organization of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and subjected to cyclic uniaxial strain. Mechanical strain enhanced NCSC proliferation and ERK2 phosphorylation. In addition, mechanical strain induced contractile marker calponin-1 within 2 days and slightly induced SM myosin within 5 days. On the other hand, mechanical strain suppressed the differentiation of NCSCs into Schwann cells. The induction of calponin-1 by mechanical strain was inhibited by neural induction medium but further enhanced by TGF-β. For NCSCs pre-treated with TGF-β, mechanical strain induced the gene expression of both calponin-1 and SM myosin. Our results demonstrated that mechanical strain regulates the differentiation of NCSCs in a manner dependent on biochemical factors and the differentiation stage of NCSCs. Understanding the mechanical regulation of NCSC differentiation will shed light on the development and remodeling of vascular tissues, and how transplanted NCSCs respond to mechanical factors