Europe: from emancipation to empowerment

Marx is dead. But so is Hayek. With neoliberalism crumbling, Europeans are beginning to wonder what it is that is really wrong with the current European Union. The paper proposes the following answer: To this day, European integration has not been a process of emancipation. This shortcoming, however, is not written on the Union’s face. It requires, pursuant to best psychological traditions, a careful analysis of symptoms. One indication of the absence of emancipation is, indeed, the Union’s rhetorical embrace of empowerment

Authoritarian Liberalism

Angesichts der Reformen in der Eurozone greift dieser Beitrag den Begriff des „Autoritären Liberalismus“ wieder auf. Er wurde von Hermann Heller im Jahre 1933 verwendet, um die internen Zusammenhang zwischen dem ökonomischen Liberalismus und einem „starken Staat“ zu beschreiben. Dieser Begriff ist zur Erlangung eines angemessenen Verständnisses des neuen Regierens in der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion heuristisch fruchtbar. Es ist sinnvoll von autoritärem Regieren auch dann zu sprechen, wenn diese nicht die äußeren Anzeichen staatlicher Repression trägt. Zwei Seiten des autoritären Liberalismus lassen sich unterscheiden. Während die eine Seite viel von Autorität an sich hält, sieht die andere Seite das autoritäre Regieren als etwas an, das gut für die Wirtschaft ist. Der Beitrag spekuliert abschließend darüber, ob die europäische Integration deswegen erfolgreich gewesen sein mag, weil sie geschickt zwischen beiden Seiten hin und her wechselte. Jedenfalls sollte es uns beunruhigen, wenn die europäische Integration sowohl profunde als auch zufällige autoritäre Züge trägt. In light of the reforms undertaken for the sake of the Euro, the article revisits the concept authoritarian liberalism that was introduced in 1933 by the German public law scholar Hermann Heller. This notion seeks to capture the liaison between the “strong state” and economic liberalism. The article suggests that this notion can be fruitfully used to designate the new governance of economic and monetary union. It argues, particularly, that it makes sense to speak of an authoritarian style of governance even if the latter does not wear vestiges of outright repression. Two different faces of authoritarian liberalism can be distinguished: one that looks more towards authoritarianism and another one that views authoritarian rule as a managerial strategy that is good for the economy. The article then speculates whether the European Union has been, indeed, successful because it shifts between the two. Disturbingly, there may be something deeply as well as more accidentally authoritarian about European integration.

Antituristic movements in Europe

Turizam se u 21. stoljeću, uz IT-industriju, svakako ubraja u gospodarsku granu s najbrže rastućim trendovima. Kao i svaka druga pojava u geografskom prostoru i razvoj turizma imao je svoj evolutivini tok. Važeći koncept razvoja turizma koji je prešao u sustav masovnog turizma postao je s demografskog i ekološkog stajališta dugoročno neodrživ. Masovni turizam i eksplozija infrastrukturne izgradnje ugrozila je ne samo urbanistički i životni prostor već i način života, opstojnost i identitet poznatih destinacija. Današnji model razvoja turizma zapravo izbacuje ljude iz susjedstva i bitno šteti atraktivnosti i opstojnosti okoliša. U najugroženjim destinacijama dolazi i do uličnih protesta lokalnog stanovništa, pa neki govore o pojavi antiturizma, overturizma i turizmofobije. U tom procesu akcelerativnog razvoja turizma prednjače europske zemlje, poradi viskoih vrijednosti privlačnih faktora s kojima raspolažu europske turističke destinsaije. Godine 2018. u međunarodnom turističkom prometu u Europi je zabilježeno 713 miljuna dolazaka, što čini čak 49, 2 % svjetskog turističkog prometa. Pojave antiturizma najizrazitije su u nekim europskim turističkim destinacijama, u kojima je masovni turizam prešao granice ljudskih, infrastrukturnih i ekoloških kapaciteta. Zadaća je ovoga rada prikazati glavne čimbenike antiturizma na primjeru tri vrlo ugrožene destinacije – Barcelone, Venecije i Dubrovnika. Preplavljena sve većim brojem turista, potaknuta jeftinim letovima i platformama kao što je Airbnb, Barcelona je nezadovoljna. Sam broj posjetitelja povećava cijenu najamnine, gura stanovnike iz centra grada Jedan od čimbenika koji pospješuje antiturizam u Veneciji je i dolazak enormnog broja brodova za krstarenje. U Dubrovniku danas u Starom gradu živi samo 1.557 ljudi, što je mnogo manje od 5.000 koliko ih je živjelo 1991. godine. Domovi i stanovi predani su turističkom smještaju koji uništava svaki osjećaj zajednice i povećava cijene nekretnina.Tourism, along with the IT industry, is definitely one of the fastest growing industries in the 21st century. Like any other phenomenon in the geographical area, tourism development has had its evolutionary course. The valid concept of tourism development that has shifted to a mass tourism system has become unsustainable from a demographic and environmental point of view. Mass tourism and the explosion of infrastructural construction endangered not only urban and living space, but also the way of life, existence and identity of known destinations. Today's model of tourism development actually drives people out of the neighborhood and significantly damages the attractiveness and viability of the environment. In the most vulnerable destinations, there are street protests by the locals, and some speak of antitourism, overtourism and tourismophobia. European countries take the lead in this process of accelerated tourism development, due to the high values of attractive factors at the disposal of European tourist destinations. In year 2018. international tourist traffic in Europe has recorded 713 million arrivals, accounting for as much as 49.2% of world tourist traffic. The phenomenon of anti-tourism is most pronounced in some European tourist destinations, where mass tourism has crossed the boundaries of human, infrastructural and ecological capacities. The aim of this paper is to present the main factors of antitourism on the example of three very endangered destinations - Barcelona, Venice and Dubrovnik. Overflowing with increasing numbers of tourists, fueled by cheap flights and platforms such as Airbnb, Barcelona is dissatisfied. The number of visitors increases the cost of rent, pushes residents out of the city center One of the factors that boosts anti-tourism in Venice is the arrival of an enormous number of cruise ships. Today, only 1,557 people live in Dubrovnik's Old Town, down from 5,000 in 1991. Homes and apartments are committed to tourist accommodations that destroy any sense of community and increase property prices

Unpopular sovereignty?

Popular sovereignty was presented in modern constitutional discourse as a mode of collective action. It was supposedly manifest in the power to constitute, control and dismantle governments. Important strands of contemporary constitutional theory, notably legal constitutionalism and deliberative democracy, have taken leave of this tradition. They have severed the connection between sovereignty and action. What remains of popular sovereignty is fundamental rights and values, or dispersed networks of deliberation. This is based on the the idea that the place of power is ‘empty’ and legitimised on the principle of including ‘All-Affected-Interests’. The very concept of sovereignty thus becomes unpopular. This contribution aims to re-establish the link between popular sovereignty and action by examining sovereignty's emancipatory telos, its majoritarian mode of operation and its dependence on political citizenship

Basic Types of Rural Settlements, Enclosures and Houses in Podravina

Prema rasporedu objekata na seoskom dvorištu (gruntištu), ruralna kućišta u Podravini mogla bi se svrstati u ove tipove: 1. Kućišta s uzdužnim rasporedom objekata, 2. Kućišta s uzdužno-poprečnim rasporedom objekata, 3. Kućišta s dva uzdužna niza objekata, 4. Kućišta s nepravilnim ili razbacanim rasporedom objekata. Ruralne kuće za stanovanje u Podravini pripadaju u dvije grupe tipova: 1. Kuće zidova od naboja i pokritih slamom, 2. Zidanice – kuće zidane ciglom i pokrite crijepom. U prvu grupu pripadaju tipovi: 1. Tip starinske kuće bez trijema, 2. Tip starinske kuće sa skraćenim trijemom, 3. Tip starinske kuće s uzdužnim trijemom, 4. Tip starinske kuće s dvostranim trijemom. U drugu grupu pripadaju osnovni tipovi: 1. Tip zidanice jedinke, 2. Tip zidanice građene u ključ, 3. Tip proširene zidanice građene u ključ, 4. Tip zidanice jedinke s boltanim trijemom. U članku se govori i o tipovima gospodarskih objekata na seoskom dvorištu.Objects of traditional architecture in Podravina were also a wholesome expression of folk craft and of its soul. They were and remained indicator and pledge of national identity, as well as contribution to our architectural heritage to development of European culture. Their historical, cultural and functional value is undoubtable, for „a house is not merely a place of fulfilling biological and existential preservation, but also a primary territory of human survival of a nation” (A. Muraj). Despite indisputable values of traditional architecture, and therefore a need to preserve ancient objects and blend them in contemporary life courses, in Podravina too, „awareness of the value of rural cultural heritage is not developed with the same intensity as the growing and accelerating deterioration of this heritage” (I. Maroević). Older forms of traditional architecture in Podravina have completely vanished (for example, thatched roof cottages hiže pokrite slamom), and the others are following the same path. This relates also to brickwork architectural heritage originating up to the first half of the 20th century. Gradually, accelerating decadence of architectural heritage in Podravina is a result of an entire complex of economic and sociological factors. „Accelerated urbanization processes, rural depopulation and different forms of devastating original values of traditional rural architecture, uncontrolled expansion of industrial facilities and weekend house settlements, some negative globalization processes and more, have in recent time completely altered landscape scenery. Urban patterns, so often singled out very clumsily and unfortunately, construction governed by financial or some other power of the investor, irrevocably destroy an important segment of cultural heritage as an integral part of different identity levels” (B. Đaboveć). At the same time architectural heritage in Podravina is vanishing in plain sight. „And so, under heavy burden of history, age, loose wooden pegs, and primarily due to lack of care by people, we find squatting Podravina cottages hiže, Podravina barns and baskets dissolute with fantasy, awaiting their doomsday. As native inhabitants, autochthonous architectural aboriginals, these houses, barns, vineyard cottages kleti are being pushed into reserve areas of increasingly smaller surface and number. It is a sort of agony, as if people were dying” (D. Feletar). The same picture of architectural heritage decadence can be seen in entire Podravina. It is brisker in areas with higher living standard, where the hooves of urbanization and suburbanization penetrated deep into rural settlements. In Ludbreška Podravina, Koprivnica and its suburban settlements, and to some extent less in Đurđevačka Podravina, housing fund has been completely altered. „As in entire Podravina region, architectural heritage of Đurđevci is nearly extinct. Besides on photographs, in none of the streets in Đurđevac is there a single ancient house built of wood, with clay mortar and thatched roof. In present time, governed by ecological formulas, we could say that one cannot find pure, ecological and healthy house, if we take into consideration the most natural materials used in building and construction in the area where this simple and human architecture emerged from its natural environment in which it is so firmly rooted. Three years ago, the last small brick-built cottage with two tiny windows and thatched roof located in Đurđevec, in Peski area, had to give way to a new massive house” (D. Jendrić). Hasty disappearance of architectural heritage in Podravina, even in areas where adequately adapted ancient object would better serve their new purpose, is primarily caused by lack of awareness about value and importance of such architecture. For „awareness of value of rural architectural heritage, values and importance of the rural area and cultural area in general is by far not proportioned to the values that despite all degradations and devastation in our area remained preserved as integral testimony of culture of some area. Awareness cannot be prescribed by a decree or enforced by law, so learning, researching, valorization, presentation, popularization and therefore also raising and education of all classes of society is an important prerequisite to preserve at least that part of rural area in the still preserved environment best representing our peculiarities in the area” (I. Maroević). Folk architectural heritage in Podravina is not to be helped by “weeping” over its destiny. It is necessary to further explore this heritage, to inform the public and change their awareness about its value and contemporary usage. Some positive examples of this kind can already be seen in Podravina. Part of traditional objects is being adequately renovated and used for entrepreneurial purposes, especially in the field of tourism. One example is village estate of family Hećimović in Jagnjedovec, nearby Koprivnica, or adapted complex of ancient vineyard cottages of family Šklebar on Stara Gora nearby Virje, adequately adapted village facilities of family Cugovčan in Podravske Sesvete or those of family Čamba in Đurđevac, and there is an increasing number of such examples. One example of quality adaptation of an old vineyard cottage is the school vineyard cottage on Stara Gora nearby Virje. Plans to found several open-air ethno-parks or museums in Podravina (for example on lake Šoderica nearby Drnje) is very important for implementing education and preserving a part of the objects. State and local authorities should be more efficient and more abundantly encourage households and organizations working on preservation of Podravina architectural heritage and its engagement in contemporary living. Activities of non-government organizations are increasingly important in this respect, as well as of those from Europe (for example ECOVAST). Still, in this process of revitalization and preservation of at least one part of the most valuable architectural heritage in Podravina, it is of utmost importance to continuously raise awareness about its value and need of protection. In fact, this heritage should be functionally included in contemporary life of Podravina rural area and its households. Without new, contemporary functions this heritage will not be preserved. “Rural architecture cannot survive if it is separated from the community to which it owes its survival and continuous renovation... encouraging development of rural areas guarantees sustainability and protection of quality of this area for future generations... rural architectural heritage is inseparable from its environment and it is its true life force... because rural heritage is an open book of the past” (B. Bojanić, O. Šćitaroci, B. Đaković)

Što skrivaju masovni podaci u zdravstvu?

Složenost zdravstvenog sustava i ubrzana digitalizacija u raznim područjima impliciraju stvaranje velike količine raznolikih podataka. Prema tradicionalnom shvaćanju podataka, takvi podaci se razlikuju i zahtijevaju poseban pristup pri upravljanju i analizi te ih možemo nazvati masovnim podacima. U radu su opisana obilježja masovnih podataka u zdravstvu, izazovi u radu, navedeni su izvori masovnih podataka, primjeri analize i smjernice u radu. Masovni podaci predstavljaju višedisciplinarno područje, zahtijevaju poznavanje podatkovne tehnologije, analitičkih alata i uz primjenu informacijske tehnologije razvoj standarda u području prikupljanja podataka