706 research outputs found
Impacts of Changes in Climate and Atmospheric Chemistry on Northern Forest Ecosystems and their Boundaries: Research Directions
In response to numerous suggestions with the research community that boreal forests should be targeted for analyses of potential ecosystem response to impending major changes in climate and atmospheric composition, a task-force meeting for research-planning purposes was held at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in August 1987. Participants discussed objectives for an international collaborative research program on this subject, what the current state of knowledge is, what the relevant research questions are, and what research approaches should be developed to address these questions. This report summarizes the workshop discussions, and presents synopses of working-group discussions on the following types of investigations: (a) historical responses of boreal-forest stands to changing climate and atmosphere using correlational data analyses; (b) response of boreal ecosystems to warm and enhanced-CO2 environments using physical field experiments; (c) response of boreal ecosystems to raised or lowered levels of soil moisture using physical field experiments; (d) long-term behavior of boreal-forest stands in the face of changing atmosphere and climate using measurements from permanent plots; (e) development of comprehensive databases on ecological characteristics of boreal forests and silvical characteristics of boreal-forest tree species based on literature reviews and data syntheses; (f) response and sensitivity of boreal-forest stands and landscapes to changing atmospheric and climatic conditions using simulation models; and (g) response of regional boreal forests to changing climate and atmosphere in the context of forest management using simulation models and policy exercises.
The research themes outlined above cover a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. As well, they cover a wide range of organization, from the organism through populations and communities to ecosystems (indeed, ecosystems including socio-economic subsystems). It is concluded that the various studies can benefit immensely from careful coordination that helps each study anchor its process mechanisms in lower hierarchical levels, and find its significance at higher levels. The coordination would also prevent wasteful duplication of effort in different countries where boreal forests exist, and would assist groups of researchers to benefit from (a) regular contact for exchange of data and information that would not normally be available through regular channels of dissemination, and (b) collaborative research arrangements for expensive, long-term, broad-scale projects that otherwise would probably not be possible
The Silvics of Some East European and Siberian Boreal Forest Tree Species
In recent years, the boreal forest has received increased scientific attention in light of projected climatic warming to boreal regions from increased concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The ecological consequences of such a warming could be significant. However, before the consequences of climatic change can be properly investigated, the ecology of boreal forest tree species must be adequately understood. Though the life-histories of many North American boreal forest tree species are well known, little comparable information has been compiled in English for the major boreal forest tree species of the Soviet Union. In this paper, we present a preliminary description of the silvics of seven of these species -- their ranges, optimum climatic and soil conditions, regeneration characteristics, tree growth features, responses to suboptimal site conditions, and reaction to fire. We hope that this information will provide a useful data base for use in modeling the ecology of these species
Toward Ecological Sustainability in Europe (Climate, Water Resources, Soils, and Biota)
In this report an assessment of the nature of European environmental issues, their scientific basis, and the data needed to define and quantitatively model their implications is made. The areas of the study are natural and anthropogenic changes in climate and atmospheric chemistry, and the resulting responses of renewable resource characteristic of soils, vegetation, and water. The assessments concentrated on issues selected for their relevance to sustainability questions, and were derived from data and hypotheses concerning presently-perceptible trends in climatic, pedogenic, hydrologic, and biotic aspects of the present European landscape. The work led to recommendations for additional data collections and analyses designed to resolve or clarify the issues
DobiΕski relations and ordering of boson operators
We introduce a generalization of the DobiΕski relation, through which we define a family of Bell-type numbers and polynomials. Such generalized DobiΕski relations are coherent state matrix elements of expressions involving boson ladder operators. This may be used in order to obtain normally ordered forms of polynomials in creation and annihilation operators, both if the latter satisfy canonical and deformed commutation relations
Schur Polynomials and the Yang-Baxter equation
We show that within the six-vertex model there is a parametrized Yang-Baxter
equation with nonabelian parameter group GL(2)xGL(1) at the center of the
disordered regime. As an application we rederive deformations of the Weyl
character formule of Tokuyama and of Hamel and King.Comment: Revised introduction; slightly changed reference
Combinatorial Solutions to Normal Ordering of Bosons
We present a combinatorial method of constructing solutions to the normal
ordering of boson operators. Generalizations of standard combinatorial notions
- the Stirling and Bell numbers, Bell polynomials and Dobinski relations - lead
to calculational tools which allow to find explicitly normally ordered forms
for a large class of operator functions.Comment: Presented at 14th Int. Colloquium on Integrable Systems, Prague,
Czech Republic, 16-18 June 2005. 6 pages, 11 reference
Village chicken production in the central and western highlands of Ethiopia: Characteristics and strategies for improvement
O(N) and RP^{N-1} Models in Two Dimensions
I provide evidence that the 2D model for is equivalent
to the -invariant non-linear -model in the continuum limit. To
this end, I mainly study particular versions of the models, to be called
constraint models. I prove that the constraint and models are
equivalent for sufficiently weak coupling. Numerical results for their
step-scaling function of the running coupling are
presented. The data confirm that the constraint model is in the samei
universality class as the model with standard action. I show that the
differences in the finite size scaling curves of i and models
observed by Caracciolo et al. can be explained as a boundary effect. It is
concluded, in contrast to Caracciolo et al., that and models
share a unique universality class.Comment: 14 pages (latex) + 1 figure (Postscript) ,uuencode
ΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠ Π ΠΠ₯ ΠΠΠΠ Π£ Π‘ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ¦Π’ΠΠ
The results of theoretical and literary data justified the use of lactic acid bacteria in dairy industry. To do this, define the main indicator of quality β the acidity of the milk. Increasing acidity is a major factor that affects the production, composition, drawing and cheese ripening parameters as activity and determines the degree of preservation molokozsidalnoho enzyme in clot, syneresis, colloidal calcium phosphate solubility and suppress pathogens and random mikroorhanizmiv. Zakvasochni culture is being produced and Cheese delivered to the company field many companies. On the market there are starters of mixed strains mesophilic starters thermophilic starters and starters mixed typu. V work confirmed syrovyrobnytstvi use in different types of starter cultures, which differ in the number of strains entering into raw naturalness, method of treatment, contributing the required performance production process different taste properties of the finished product. Cultures are bacterial cultures that are used in the manufacture of cheese due to lower pH controlled fermentation of lactose and lactic acid producing bacteria.
Cultures can be made on the cheese-making enterprises by activation of bacterial drug in an appropriate culture medium to obtain so-called industrial starters. Bacterial agents (highly concentrated type starters) can be made directly to the bathroom ( Β«direct introductionΒ»). Mesophilic starters (with optimum temperature of about 30 Β°C) usually consist of strains laktokokiv, sometimes next to them are leykonostoky or citrate-positive strains laktokokiv as producers flavoring and aromatic substances.
Thermophilic starters (the optimum temperature β 42 Β°C) containing thermophilic Streptococcus and Lactobacillus Sp. (For example, Lactobacillus delbrueckii or Lactobacillus Helveticus).
Other crops such as propionic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria and mold Penicillium.
ΠΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡ
Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Β βΒ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°.ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π², ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ³ΡΡΡΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠ΅, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π² Π½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ (Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠΊ) ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² Π²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ( Β«ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β»).ΠΠ΅Π·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ (Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 30 Β°Π‘) ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ². Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ (ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° β 42 Β°Π‘) ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Streptococcus ΠΈ Lactobacillus Sp. (ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Lactobacillus Helveticus). ΠΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Penicillium.ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π³ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡ
Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΉ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ β ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°.
ΠΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄, ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ², ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ·ΡΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π² Π·Π³ΡΡΡΠΊΡ, ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠ² ΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΈ Π² Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΌΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ Π±Π΅Π·Π»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΉ. ΠΠ° ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ· Π·ΠΌΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ², ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΠΌΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ. Π ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ² Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ², Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΊΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ Π²Π½Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΌΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π½Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π· ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
,Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ (Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠΊ) ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΎ Ρ Π²Π°Π½Π½Ρ (Β«ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΒ»).
ΠΠ΅Π·ΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ (Π· ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎ 30 Β°Π‘) Π·Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π· ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ² Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΡΠ², ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ Π· Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ Π°Π±ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ-ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Ρ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½. Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ (ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° β 42 Β°Π‘) ΠΌΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Streptococcus Ρ Lactobacillus Sp. (ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄, Lactobacillus delbrueckii Π°Π±ΠΎ Lactobacillus Helveticus).
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΡΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Ρ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π±ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ»Ρ Penicillium.
 
Characterization and conservation of indigenous sheep genetic resources: A practical framework for developing countries
Livestock characterization projects in developing regions are characterized by a mere physical description of traditionally recognized populations or a purely academic genetic description of populations. However, characterization of livestock resources is meant to serve the purpose of developing conservation and utilization programs. A national characterization project should be geared to the specific national livestock production objectives. Thus there is a need to adopt a more practical characterization approach to assist in the development of national conservation and utilization strategies. This report provides a practical methodological framework suited for characterization and conservation of sheep resources in developing regions. The report highlights current approaches and tools for characterization and conservation of sheep resources and presents a model approach synthesising results of a study on characterization and conservation of sheep resources of Ethiopia. The study is a collaborative project between Wageningen University and the International Livestock Research Institute. The methodological framework can be applied elsewhere in developing countries with similar characterization and conservation objectives. This report largely dwelt on the technical aspects of sheep genetic resource characterization and conservation in developing regions. Operational aspects of setting up national programs for characterization and conservation action may be country specific. However, some general aspects such as institutional setups and breeding policy and strategy formulation could be similar across countries. A proposed scheme for setting up a national livestock characterization and conservation program is presented, taking Ethiopia as a case study
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