Impacts of Changes in Climate and Atmospheric Chemistry on Northern Forest Ecosystems and their Boundaries: Research Directions

In response to numerous suggestions with the research community that boreal forests should be targeted for analyses of potential ecosystem response to impending major changes in climate and atmospheric composition, a task-force meeting for research-planning purposes was held at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in August 1987. Participants discussed objectives for an international collaborative research program on this subject, what the current state of knowledge is, what the relevant research questions are, and what research approaches should be developed to address these questions. This report summarizes the workshop discussions, and presents synopses of working-group discussions on the following types of investigations: (a) historical responses of boreal-forest stands to changing climate and atmosphere using correlational data analyses; (b) response of boreal ecosystems to warm and enhanced-CO2 environments using physical field experiments; (c) response of boreal ecosystems to raised or lowered levels of soil moisture using physical field experiments; (d) long-term behavior of boreal-forest stands in the face of changing atmosphere and climate using measurements from permanent plots; (e) development of comprehensive databases on ecological characteristics of boreal forests and silvical characteristics of boreal-forest tree species based on literature reviews and data syntheses; (f) response and sensitivity of boreal-forest stands and landscapes to changing atmospheric and climatic conditions using simulation models; and (g) response of regional boreal forests to changing climate and atmosphere in the context of forest management using simulation models and policy exercises. The research themes outlined above cover a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. As well, they cover a wide range of organization, from the organism through populations and communities to ecosystems (indeed, ecosystems including socio-economic subsystems). It is concluded that the various studies can benefit immensely from careful coordination that helps each study anchor its process mechanisms in lower hierarchical levels, and find its significance at higher levels. The coordination would also prevent wasteful duplication of effort in different countries where boreal forests exist, and would assist groups of researchers to benefit from (a) regular contact for exchange of data and information that would not normally be available through regular channels of dissemination, and (b) collaborative research arrangements for expensive, long-term, broad-scale projects that otherwise would probably not be possible

The Silvics of Some East European and Siberian Boreal Forest Tree Species

In recent years, the boreal forest has received increased scientific attention in light of projected climatic warming to boreal regions from increased concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The ecological consequences of such a warming could be significant. However, before the consequences of climatic change can be properly investigated, the ecology of boreal forest tree species must be adequately understood. Though the life-histories of many North American boreal forest tree species are well known, little comparable information has been compiled in English for the major boreal forest tree species of the Soviet Union. In this paper, we present a preliminary description of the silvics of seven of these species -- their ranges, optimum climatic and soil conditions, regeneration characteristics, tree growth features, responses to suboptimal site conditions, and reaction to fire. We hope that this information will provide a useful data base for use in modeling the ecology of these species

Toward Ecological Sustainability in Europe (Climate, Water Resources, Soils, and Biota)

In this report an assessment of the nature of European environmental issues, their scientific basis, and the data needed to define and quantitatively model their implications is made. The areas of the study are natural and anthropogenic changes in climate and atmospheric chemistry, and the resulting responses of renewable resource characteristic of soils, vegetation, and water. The assessments concentrated on issues selected for their relevance to sustainability questions, and were derived from data and hypotheses concerning presently-perceptible trends in climatic, pedogenic, hydrologic, and biotic aspects of the present European landscape. The work led to recommendations for additional data collections and analyses designed to resolve or clarify the issues

Dobiński relations and ordering of boson operators

We introduce a generalization of the Dobiński relation, through which we define a family of Bell-type numbers and polynomials. Such generalized Dobiński relations are coherent state matrix elements of expressions involving boson ladder operators. This may be used in order to obtain normally ordered forms of polynomials in creation and annihilation operators, both if the latter satisfy canonical and deformed commutation relations

Schur Polynomials and the Yang-Baxter equation

We show that within the six-vertex model there is a parametrized Yang-Baxter equation with nonabelian parameter group GL(2)xGL(1) at the center of the disordered regime. As an application we rederive deformations of the Weyl character formule of Tokuyama and of Hamel and King.Comment: Revised introduction; slightly changed reference

Combinatorial Solutions to Normal Ordering of Bosons

We present a combinatorial method of constructing solutions to the normal ordering of boson operators. Generalizations of standard combinatorial notions - the Stirling and Bell numbers, Bell polynomials and Dobinski relations - lead to calculational tools which allow to find explicitly normally ordered forms for a large class of operator functions.Comment: Presented at 14th Int. Colloquium on Integrable Systems, Prague, Czech Republic, 16-18 June 2005. 6 pages, 11 reference

O(N) and RP^{N-1} Models in Two Dimensions

I provide evidence that the 2D $RP^{N-1}$ model for $N \ge 3$ is equivalent to the $O(N)$-invariant non-linear $\sigma$-model in the continuum limit. To this end, I mainly study particular versions of the models, to be called constraint models. I prove that the constraint $RP^{N-1}$ and $O(N)$ models are equivalent for sufficiently weak coupling. Numerical results for their step-scaling function of the running coupling $\bar{g}^2= m(L) L$ are presented. The data confirm that the constraint $O(N)$ model is in the samei universality class as the $O(N)$ model with standard action. I show that the differences in the finite size scaling curves of $RP^{N-1}$i and $O(N)$ models observed by Caracciolo et al. can be explained as a boundary effect. It is concluded, in contrast to Caracciolo et al., that $RP^{N-1}$ and $O(N)$ models share a unique universality class.Comment: 14 pages (latex) + 1 figure (Postscript) ,uuencode

ЗАКВАСКИ І ЇХ ВИДИ У СИРОВИРОБНИЦТВІ

The results of theoretical and literary data justified the use of lactic acid bacteria in dairy industry. To do this, define the main indicator of quality – the acidity of the milk. Increasing acidity is a major factor that affects the production, composition, drawing and cheese ripening parameters as activity and determines the degree of preservation molokozsidalnoho enzyme in clot, syneresis, colloidal calcium phosphate solubility and suppress pathogens and random mikroorhanizmiv. Zakvasochni culture is being produced and Cheese delivered to the company field many companies. On the market there are starters of mixed strains mesophilic starters thermophilic starters and starters mixed typu. V work confirmed syrovyrobnytstvi use in different types of starter cultures, which differ in the number of strains entering into raw naturalness, method of treatment, contributing the required performance production process different taste properties of the finished product. Cultures are bacterial cultures that are used in the manufacture of cheese due to lower pH controlled fermentation of lactose and lactic acid producing bacteria. Cultures can be made on the cheese-making enterprises by activation of bacterial drug in an appropriate culture medium to obtain so-called industrial starters. Bacterial agents (highly concentrated type starters) can be made directly to the bathroom ( «direct introduction»). Mesophilic starters (with optimum temperature of about 30 °C) usually consist of strains laktokokiv, sometimes next to them are leykonostoky or citrate-positive strains laktokokiv as producers flavoring and aromatic substances. Thermophilic starters (the optimum temperature – 42 °C) containing thermophilic Streptococcus and Lactobacillus Sp. (For example, Lactobacillus delbrueckii or Lactobacillus Helveticus). Other crops such as propionic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria and mold Penicillium.  По результатам теоретических и литературных данных обосновано использование молочнокислых бактерий на предприятиях молочной отрасли. Для этого определяют главный показатель качества – кислотность молока.Повышение кислотности является главным фактором, который влияет на изготовление, состав, рисунок и параметры созревания сыров, поскольку определяет активность и степень сохранности молокосвертывающего фермента в сгустке, синерезис, растворимость коллоидного фосфата кальция и подавления патогенов и случайных микроорганизмов. Заквасочные культуры в настоящее время производятся и поставляются на предприятия сыродельной области множеством компаний. На рынке присутствуют закваски изсмешанных штаммов, мезофильные закваски, термофильные закваски и закваски смешанного типу. В работе проанализировано использование в сировиробництви различных видов заквасок, которые различаются по количеству штамов внесением в сырье, натуральностью, способом обработки, способствует необходимым показателям технологического процесса производства различным вкусовым свойствам готового продукта. Закваски представляют собой бактериальные культуры, используемые при изготовлении сыра для снижения рН вследствие контролируемой ферментации лактозы и выработки бактериями молочной кислоты. Закваски могут быть изготовлены на сыродельных предприятиях путем активизування бактериального препарата в надлежащем питательной среде с получением так называемых производственных заквасок. Бактериальные препараты (высоко концентрированный вид заквасок) можно вносить непосредственно в ванну ( «прямое внесение»).Мезофильные закваски (с оптимальной температурой около 30 °С) обычно состоят из штаммов лактококки, иногда рядом с ними находятся лейконостокы или цитрат-положительные штаммы лактококки как продуцентов вкусовых и ароматических веществ. Термофильные закваски (оптимальная температура – 42 °С) содержат термофильный Streptococcus и Lactobacillus Sp. (Например, Lactobacillus delbrueckii или Lactobacillus Helveticus). Дополнительные культуры, такие как пропионовокислые бактерии, бифидобактерии и плесени Penicillium.За результатами теоретичних та літературних даних обгрунтовано використання молочнокислих бактерій у сировиробництві. Для цього визначають головний показник якості – кислотність молока. Підвищення кислотності є головним фактором, який впливає на виготовлення, склад, малюнок і параметри дозрівання сирів, оскільки визначає активність і ступінь збереження молокозсідального ферменту в згустку, синерезис, розчинність колоїдного фосфату кальцію і придушення патогенів та випадкових мікроорганізмів. Заквасочні культури в даний час виробляються і поставляються на підприємства сироробної галузі безліччю компаній. На ринку присутні закваски із змішаних штамів, мезофільні закваски, термофільні закваски та закваски змішаного типу. В роботі проаналізовано використання в сировиробництві різних видів заквасок, які розрізняються за кількістю штамів, внесенням в сировину, натуральністю, способом обробки, що сприяє необхідним показникам технологічного процесу виробництва, різним смаковим властивостям готового продукту. Закваски являють собою бактеріальні культури, які використовуються при виготовленні сиру для зниження рН внаслідок контрольованої ферментації лактози і продукування бактеріями молочної кислоти. Закваски можуть бути виготовлені на сироробних підприємствах шляхом активізування бактеріального препарату в належному живильному середовищі з отриманням, так званих ,виробничих заквасок. Бактеріальні препарати (високо концентрований вид заквасок) можна вносити безпосередньо у ванну («пряме внесення»). Мезофільні закваски (з оптимальною температурою близько 30 °С) зазвичай складаються з штамів лактококів, іноді поряд з ними містяться лейконостоки або цитрат-позитивні штами лактококів як продуцентів смакових і ароматичних речовин. Термофільні закваски (оптимальна температура – 42 °С) містять термофільний Streptococcus і Lactobacillus Sp. (Наприклад, Lactobacillus delbrueckii або Lactobacillus Helveticus). Додаткові культури, такі як пропіоновокислі бактерії, біфідобактерії і цвілі Penicillium. &nbsp

Characterization and conservation of indigenous sheep genetic resources: A practical framework for developing countries

Livestock characterization projects in developing regions are characterized by a mere physical description of traditionally recognized populations or a purely academic genetic description of populations. However, characterization of livestock resources is meant to serve the purpose of developing conservation and utilization programs. A national characterization project should be geared to the specific national livestock production objectives. Thus there is a need to adopt a more practical characterization approach to assist in the development of national conservation and utilization strategies. This report provides a practical methodological framework suited for characterization and conservation of sheep resources in developing regions. The report highlights current approaches and tools for characterization and conservation of sheep resources and presents a model approach synthesising results of a study on characterization and conservation of sheep resources of Ethiopia. The study is a collaborative project between Wageningen University and the International Livestock Research Institute. The methodological framework can be applied elsewhere in developing countries with similar characterization and conservation objectives. This report largely dwelt on the technical aspects of sheep genetic resource characterization and conservation in developing regions. Operational aspects of setting up national programs for characterization and conservation action may be country specific. However, some general aspects such as institutional setups and breeding policy and strategy formulation could be similar across countries. A proposed scheme for setting up a national livestock characterization and conservation program is presented, taking Ethiopia as a case study