Promiscuous Feeding Across Multiple Honey Bee Hosts Amplifies the Vectorial Capacity of \u3ci\u3eVarroa destructor\u3c/i\u3e

Varroa destructor is a cosmopolitan pest and leading cause of colony loss of the European honey bee. Historically described as a competent vector of honey bee viruses, this arthropod vector is the cause of a global pandemic of Deformed wing virus, now endemic in honeybee populations in all Varroa-infested regions. Our work shows that viral spread is driven by Varroa actively switching from one adult bee to another as they feed. Assays using fluorescent microspheres were used to indicate the movement of fluids in both directions between host and vector when Varroa feed. Therefore, Varroa could be in either an infectious or naïve state dependent upon the disease status of their host. We tested this and confirmed that the relative risk of a Varroa feeding depended on their previous host’s infectiousness. Varroa exhibit remarkable heterogeneity in their host-switching behavior, with some Varroa infrequently switching while others switch at least daily. As a result, relatively few of the most active Varroa parasitize the majority of bees. This multiple-feeding behavior has analogs in vectorial capacity models of other systems, where promiscuous feeding by individual vectors is a leading driver of vectorial capacity. We propose that the honeybee-Varroa relationship offers a unique opportunity to apply principles of vectorial capacity to a social organism, as virus transmission is both vectored and occurs through multiple host-to-host routes common to a crowded society

Potential Cost-Effectiveness of RSV Vaccination of Infants and Pregnant Women in Turkey:An Illustration Based on Bursa Data

BackgroundWorldwide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is considered to be the most important viral cause of respiratory morbidity and mortality among infants and young children. Although no active vaccine is available on the market yet, there are several active vaccine development programs in various stages. To assess whether one of these vaccines might be a future asset for national immunization programs, modeling the costs and benefits of various vaccination strategies is needed. Objectives To evaluate the potential cost-effectiveness of RSV vaccination of infants and/or pregnant women in Turkey.MethodsA multi-cohort static Markov model with cycles of one month was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of vaccinated cohorts versus non-vaccinated cohorts. The 2014 Turkish birth cohort was divided by twelve to construct twelve monthly birth cohorts of equal size (111,459 new-borns). Model input was based on clinical data from a multicenter prospective study from Bursa, Turkey, combined with figures from the (inter) national literature and publicly available data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were expressed in Turkish Lira (TL) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained.ResultsVaccinating infants at 2 and 4 months of age would prevent 145,802 GP visits, 8,201 hospitalizations and 48 deaths during the first year of life, corresponding to a total gain of 1650 QALYs. The discounted ICER was estimated at 51,969 TL (26,220 US $in 2013) per QALY gained. Vaccinating both pregnant women and infants would prevent more cases, but was less attractive from a pure economic point of view with a discounted ICER of 61,653 TL (31,106 US$ in 2013) per QALY. Vaccinating only during pregnancy would result in fewer cases prevented than infant vaccination and a less favorable ICER.ConclusionRSV vaccination of infants and/or pregnant women has the potential to be cost-effective in Turkey. Although using relatively conservative assumptions, all evaluated strategies remained slightly below the threshold of 3 times the GDP per capita.</p

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE MICROSPORIDIUM NOSEMA CERANAE INFECTION ON WORKER HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA).

Nosema ceranae is an important stressor in honey bee colonies all over the world. N. ceranae infection can potentially cause serious economic damage in the industry if left untreated. We designed two experiments to investigate the associations between N. ceranae infection and pathophysiological traits occurring in the honey bee body. First, we conducted a retrospective cohort study. We dissected and scored specific tissues of the bees and compared scores of bees coming and not coming from apiaries with high Nosema loads Next, we conducted a cage study. We inoculated a group of bees with N. ceranae spores and collected samples from cages at different points in time. By this, we found the exposure to N. ceranae increases the relative risk of certain pathophysiological traits. Pathophysiologies occurring in the bodies of infected bees over time help elucidate the progression of this disease in the bee body from the standpoint of pathophysiology. We found that N. ceranae exposure advanced the onset of some age-related pathologies

On the Sources of Business Cycles:Implications for DSGE Models

What are the drivers of business cycle fluctuations? And how many are there? By documenting strong and predictable co-movement of real variables during the business cycle in a sample of advanced economies, we argue that most business cycle fluctuations are driven by one major factor. The positive co-movement of real output and inflation convincingly argues for a demand story. This feature—robust across time and space—provides a simple smell test for structural macroeconomic models. We propose a simple statistic that can compare data and models. Based on this statistic, we show that the recent vintage of structural economic models has difficulties replicating the stylized facts we document

Inflation and Output Comovement in the Euro Area: Love at Second Sight?

This paper discusses comovement between inflation and output in the euro area. The strength of the comovement may not be apparent at first sight, but is clear at business cycle frequencies. We propose a new estimation approach to trimmed mean inflation, determining jointly the upper and lower quantiles to be trimmed, as well as the frequency bandwidth of real output that best aligns inflation with the output cycle. Our results suggest that at business cycle frequency, the comovement of output and core inflation is high and stable, and that inflation lags behind the output cycle with roughly half of its variance. The strong relationship between output and inflation hints at the importance of demand shocks for the euro area business cycle

Tümüyle intraventriküler yerleşimli glioblastoma

Tümüyle intraventriküler yerleşimli glioblastomaGlioblastoma (GBM) en sık görülen primer malign beyin tümörüdür ve genellikle supratentorial beyin parenkimine yerleşir. Tümüyle intraventriküler yerleşim oldukça nadirdir. 48 yaşında tümüyle intraventriküler yerleşimli GBM'li bir erkek hastayı sunduk. Hastaneye baş ağrısı ve bulantı-kusma ile başvurmuştu ve manyetik rezonans görüntüleme tümüyle lateral ventrikülün sol oksipital hornuna yerleşmiş bir kitle lezyonunu ortaya çıkardı. Tümör sol oksipital kraniotomi ile gros total olarak çıkartıldı. Histolojik inceleme GBM tanısını doğruladı. GBM intraventriküler kitle lezyonlarının ayırıcı tanısında akılda tutulmalıdır. Doğru tanı ve hızlı cerrahi müdahale intraventriküler GBM'si olan hastalarda iyi bir klinik sonuç elde etmek için gereklidirGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor and it is usually located within the supratentorial brain parenchyma. Pure intraventricular location is extremely rare. We presented a 48-year-old male patient with pure intraventricular GBM. He was admitted to our hospital with headache and nauseavomiting and the magnetic resoanance imaging revelaed a mass lesion purely located into the left occipital horn of the lateral ventricle. The tumor was removed gross totally via left occipital craniotomy. The histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of GBM. GBM should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of intraventricular mass lesions. Accurate diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention are required to achieve good clinical outcome in patients with intraventricular GB

Two Different Clinical Approaches with Mortality Assessment of Four Cases: Complete and Incomplete Type of Abdominal Cocoon Syndrome

Abdominal cocoon syndrome (ACS), also called sclerosing encapsulated peritonitis, is a condition characterized by encapsulation of all or some of small bowel loops by a thick fibrous membrane. Etiologic cause is not fully known. It is among the rare causes of intestinal obstruction in adults. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult, and high suspicion is required. Diagnosis is generally made during laparotomy performed due to mechanical obstruction. In treatment of the condition, large scale surgical resections should be avoided. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate all clinical and radiological characteristics and surgical treatment of ACS in light of the literature through four patients operated in our clinic

Analysis of proximal radial nerve injury in the arm

Background: Radial nerve is the most frequently injured major nerve in the upper extremity. Proximal part of the radial nerve involvement can result from a humerus fracture, direct nerve trauma, compression and rarely from tumors. Objectives: The aim of the study is to determine the clinical characteristics and electrodiagnostic findings in patients with proximal radial nerve injuries, and also the outcome of surgical treatment. Materials and Methods: The study subjects included 46 patients with radial nerve injuries seen between June 2000 and June 2008 at our hospital. The analysis included demographics, clinical features, etiology, pre-and postoperative EMNG (Electromyoneurography) findings. Results: Surgical decompression resulted in neurological improvement in patients with radial entrapment neuropathies. Good neurological recovery was observed from decompression of callus of old humeral fracture. The worst results were observed in the direct missile injuries of the radial nerve. Conclusions: A detailed clinical and electrodiagnostic evaluation is of importance in patients with radial nerve injury to ensure an appropriate treatment. The choice of treatment, conservative or surgical, depends on the clinical presentation and the type of injury

Promiscuous feeding on multiple adult honey bee hosts amplifies the vectorial capacity of Varroa destructor

Varroa destructor is a cosmopolitan pest and leading cause of colony loss of the European honey bee. Historically described as a competent vector of honey bee viruses, this arthropod vector is the cause of a global pandemic of Deformed wing virus, now endemic in honeybee populations in all Varroa-infested regions. Our work shows that viral spread is driven by Varroa actively switching from one adult bee to another as they feed. Assays using fluorescent microspheres were used to indicate the movement of fluids in both directions between host and vector when Varroa feed. Therefore, Varroa could be in either an infectious or naïve state dependent upon the disease status of their host. We tested this and confirmed that the relative risk of a Varroa feeding depended on their previous host’s infectiousness. Varroa exhibit remarkable heterogeneity in their host-switching behavior, with some Varroa infrequently switching while others switch at least daily. As a result, relatively few of the most active Varroa parasitize the majority of bees. This multiple-feeding behavior has analogs in vectorial capacity models of other systems, where promiscuous feeding by individual vectors is a leading driver of vectorial capacity. We propose that the honeybee-Varroa relationship offers a unique opportunity to apply principles of vectorial capacity to a social organism, as virus transmission is both vectored and occurs through multiple host-to-host routes common to a crowded society. Author summary Varroa destructor is an ectoparasitic mite implicated in historical colony losses of the managed honey bee Apis mellifera and is responsible for the global pandemic of Deformed wing virus (DWV). Varroa has long been described as a competent vector of DWV, but surprisingly little is known about its feeding and subsequent vectoring of viruses on adult honey bees. Through a series of experiments, we found Varroa actively switch from one adult bee host to another to feed. Mites exhibit a large degree of heterogeneity in their host-switching behavior, with some mites switching frequently and others not nearly at all. Our results mirror an observation in other vector-host-pathogen relationships: a relatively small number of mites contributed to a majority of parasitized hosts. These high-frequency biters are most likely to not only transmit, but also acquire infectious pathogens as they switch from host to host. The ability to parasitize and infect multiple adult bees provides the best explanation to date for the maintenance and subsequent host-to-host spread of viruses among the long-lived worker bees common in these crowded and vulnerable colony populations