Proyecto de elaboración y aplicación de un antígeno parasitario (Haemonchus) en ovinos.

This research project focused on assessing the Haemonchus parasitic antigen and its application in sheep in the Cuasualo neighborhood, in order to carry out an immunological response after inoculation, and to provide an alternative to the resulting infestation, improving the quality of life of animals while avoiding losses in economy, productivity and development of anthelmintic resistance. 30 animals were selected, and coprology tests were carried out. Haemonchus parasites were collected from the intestinal tract of animals with which the parasitic antigen was obtained and subsequently inoculated into the sheep. Blood samples were taken for immunochemical tests (Immunoglobulin E) and blood hematology (CBC). Through the flotation technique, 67% of females and 33% of males were positive for parasitosis against Haemonchus contortus, presenting a greater number of parasite eggs in the count. 47% of animals younger than 1 year presented parasitosis, while 37% between 1 and 2 years presented parasitosis, and 17% older than 2 years presented parasitosis. 83% of the subjects tested presented normal values in the values of immunoglobulin E, and 17% indicated high rates in the range of immunoglobulins. Around 83% of the animals did not present any alteration in the values of the hemogram, while 17% showed cases of anemia, hypochromia, macrocytosis and neutrophilia. Exceptionally, in the cases of leukocytosis and lymphocytosis, these values were close to 50%, processes that were determined by variations depending on the general condition of the animal against parasitosis. The inoculation of the parasitic antigen was developed and applied in order to reduce the incidence of Haemonchus in the animal population studied, as a mechanism to induce a powerful immune response, and ensure that sheep production can have control alternatives that guarantee the well-being of the sheep and the economy of the producer.El presente proyecto de investigación fue desarrollado con el fin de evaluar la efectividad del antígeno parasitario Haemonchus y su aplicación en animales de la especie ovina en el barrio Cusualó, con el fin de efectuar una respuesta inmunológica tras la inoculación. Y brindar una alternativa frente a las infestaciones que este produce, mejorar la calidad de vida de los animales y evitar pérdidas en economía, productividad y desarrollo de resistencia antihelmíntica. Se seleccionó 30 animales, y se efectuaron exámenes de coprología. Se recolectó parásitos Haemonchus del tracto intestinal de animales con los cuales se obtuvo el antígeno parasitario que fue inoculado en ovinos. Se tomó muestras sanguíneas para exámenes de inmunoquímica (Inmunoglobulina E) y hematología sanguínea (hemograma). Mediante la técnica de flotación se obtuvo 67% de hembras positivas y 33% de machos positivos a la parasitosis frente a Haemonchus contortus presentaron un mayor número de huevos de parásitos en el recuento. Animales menores a 1 año presentaron parasitosis en 47%, entre 1 y 2 años un 37% y mayores a 2 años con 17%. En los valores de inmunoglobulina E resultó que el 83% presentaron valores normales y el 17% indicó índices elevados al rango de inmunoglobulinas. Alrededor del 83% de animales no presentó alteración en los valores del hemograma y el 17% mostró casos de anemia, hipocromía, macrocitosis y neutrofilia, de forma excepcional en los casos de leucocitosis y linfocitosis fueron cercanos al 50% de los individuos, procesos determinados por las variaciones en función del estado general del animal frente a la parasitosis. Se desarrolló y aplicó la inoculación del antígeno parasitario con el fin de disminuir la incidencia de Haemonchus en la población animal estudiada, como mecanismo de inducir una potente respuesta inmunológica, y procurar que las producciones ovinas puedan contar con alternativas de control que garanticen el bienestar del animal y la economía del productor

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context

Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health

Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context

Summary: Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health

The value of open-source clinical science in pandemic response: lessons from ISARIC

International audienc