Planning in Athletes with Physical Motor Disabilities, Bullet-Impulsion Amputees

Contemporary training is not based on experiences, its success lies in the confluence of knowledge and application of the different sciences that converge in it. The objective of the research was to argue what aspects should be considered for sports planning in athletes with physical motor disabilities, bullet amputees. Descriptive research is carried out. Arguing their different classes and classifications and the aspects to take into account when planning training. Provincial and national coaches and managers collaborated as a sample. Research methods were used such as analysis and synthesis, survey, interview, and document analysis, which made it possible to define the essential elements for a correct individualization of the training

Expresión y purificación de GDNF para su microencapsulación y aplicación en la enfermedad de Parkinson

La enfermedad de Parkinosn (EP) es un proceso neurodegenerativo del sistema nervioso central que afecta a las neuronas de dopamina de la sustancia negra, núcleo mesoencefálico del control motor. La perdida en el cerebro de este neurotransmisor vital causa los síntomas de la enfermedad. La EP afecta actualmente a 200 de cada 100.000 personas y a 2 de cada 100 entre los mayores de 60 años. En España hay unos 110.000 enfermos. Además, hoy por hoy no se conoce nada que pueda prevenir o curar la enfermedad, ni existe ninguna prueba de laboratorio que permita diagnosticarla. Recentiemente se ha demostrado que el GDNF, factor neurotrófico derivado de las células gliales, es capaz de proteger las neuronas dopaminérgicas e incluso inducir la regeneración del tejido dopaminérgico dañado in vivo. El objetivo del trabajo fue diseñar y desarrolar un método de expresión y purificación de GDNF bioactivo para su posterior microencapsulación y aplicación en la enfermedad de Parkison. El sistema escogido para expresar el GDNF fue el sistema de células eucariotas de mamífero. El vector utilizado para la producción del GDNF en células eucariotas fue el pDEST26 (Tecnología Gateway de Invitrogen). Como sistema de expresión de GDNF se utilizaron las líneas celulares eucariota BHK, 293 y COS 7. Estas células fueron cultivadas en medio D-MEM (Invitrogen) complementado con un 10% de suero fetal bovino (FBS) y Penicilina/Streptomicina (100u/ml) (Invitrogen). La transfección se realizó con Lipofectamine Plus (Invitrogen). Se analizó la expresión de GDNF a nivel de mRNA mediante PCR y a nivel de proteína mediante Western Blot del medio condicionado. Los clones positivos se crecieron en botellas de cultivo de 850 cm2 (Corning) y se realizaron ciclos de recolección del medio. Cada ciclo fue analizado por SDS-PAGE y Western Blot. Para evaluar la actividad de la proteína se ha desarrollado un ensayo de actividad en el que se demuestra la diferenciación morfológica de células PC-12 inducida por GDNF. La presencia de los receptores GFRa1 y RET, necesarios para que el GDNF ejerza su acción, fue determinada por PCR. Las conclusiones obtenidas de este estudio son la obtención de GDNF recombinante a partir de un sistema de expresión en células eucariotas, el desarrollo de un protocolo para su posterior purificación y la obtención de GDNF recombinante biológicamente activo

On the Ratio of Periods of the Fundamental Harmonic and First Overtone of Magnetic Tube Kink Oscillations

We study kink oscillations of thin magnetic tubes. We assume that the density inside and outside the tube (and possibly also the cross-section radius) can vary along the tube. This variation is assumed to be of such a form that the kink speed is symmetric with respect to the tube centre and varies monotonically from the tube ends to the tube centre. Then we prove a theorem stating that the ratio of periods of the fundamental mode and first overtone is a monotonically increasing function of the ratio of the kink speed at the tube centre and the tube ends. In particular, it follows from this theorem that the period ratio is lower than two when the kink speed increases from the tube ends to its centre, while it is higher than two when the kink speed decreases from the tube ends to its centre. The first case is typical for non-expanding coronal magnetic loops, and the second for prominence threads. We apply the general results to particular problems. First we consider kink oscillations of coronal magnetic loops. We prove that, under reasonable assumptions, the ratio of the fundamental period to the first overtone is lower than two and decreases when the loop size increases. The second problem concerns kink oscillations of prominence threads. We consider three internal density profiles: generalised parabolic, Gaussian, and Lorentzian. Each of these profiles contain the parameter (Formula presented.) that is responsible for its sharpness. We calculate the dependence of the period ratio on the ratio of the mean to the maximum density. For all considered values of (Formula presented.) we find that a formula relating the period ratio and the ratio of the mean and maximum density suggested by Soler, Goossens, and Ballester (Astron. Astrophys.575, A123, 2015) gives a sufficiently good approximation to the exact dependence

Microencapsulación de factores neurotróficos: aplicación al tratamiento de la enfermedad de Parkinson

La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es una enfermedad degenerativa, lentamente progresiva caracterizada por temblor de reposo, cara inexpresiva, rigidez, lentitud al iniciar y practicar movimientos voluntarios. Neuropatológicamente se caracteriza por pérdida de células dopaminérgicas en la sustancia nigra lo cual conlleva déficit en el suministro de dopamina a nivel de ganglios basales. Los factores de crecimiento nervioso, o factores neurotróficos, que respaldan la supervivencia, crecimiento y desarrollo de las células cerebrales, son un tipo de terapia prometedora para la enfermedad de Parkinson. Se ha demostrado que el GDNF, factor neurotrófico derivado de la línea celular glial, protege las neuronas de dopamina y promueve su supervivencia en los modelos animales de la enfermedad de Parkinson. Sin embargo, la administración de proteínas en el cerebro no está exenta de dificultades, por ello, el sistema elegido para administrar el GDNF en el cerebro será uno de los puntos clave para el éxito del tratamiento. En este sentido, el uso de micropartículas formuladas a partir de polímeros biodegradables parece ser la estrategia más apropia. En nuestro grupo de investigación hemos desarrollado un protocolo de expresión y purificación de GDNF en células eucariótas de mamífero. El objetivo de este estudio es la microencapsulación de la proteína en partículas biodegradables

Variabilidad intra GRD relacionada con los servicios de enfermería

The method of GRD prospective payment, used in Spain and around the European Union, contemplates the nursing attention linked to the main and secondary diagnosis of the patients that motivated its hospitalization. This fact conditions a variability of the nursing practice that guides the activities that nurses carry out toward those derived of the clinical diagnosis, preventing to incorporate the activities required by the patients in function of their characteristics to maintain its autonomy. The GRD pattern is very conditioned by the hospital stay, in occasions it causes different cares in the same patients, not explained by their characteristics, but for the pattern of hospitalization. The cost of the hospitalization for GRD conceals the required attention of nursing services, making invisible the cares in the mark of the GRD pattern; it seems advisable to adapt the pattern with the inclusion of levels of autonomy, related with the nursing practice. Objective: To analyze the variability in the nursing care for the same type of patients, grouped in the GRD 088 COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), in two units of hospitalization. Method: A Study of 200 patients with an episode of hospitalization for COPD in the year 2004, in units of Pulmonology with a stay of 6.9 days and short-stay average of 2.8 days. Data Sources: clinical histories and databases of hospital SET between August 1 in 2005 and April 30 2006, collection in questionnaire produced by themselves and analyzed by statistical program SPSS. Results: analyzed 200 episodes of hospitalization. Average age of 74.4 years, hospitalized in conventional units or short stay. 3.2% of the total are women. 97 Episodes are conventional hospitalization, compared to 103 in short stay. Conclusions: There is a variability of the activity nurse not evaluated, for the same type of patients, according to the unity of hospitalization.El método de pago prospectivo a partir del clasificador Grupos relacionados con el diagnóstico (GRD) se utiliza en España y entorno de la Unión Europea para facturar productos/servicios hospitalarios resultado de los procesos asistenciales. Los criterios que utiliza el clasificador son diagnósticos al alta (códigos CIE) y consumo de productos/servicios durante la hospitalización. El resultado del proceso asistencial está centrado en la estancia media y en procedimientos realizados. Una de las fuentes de información que utiliza el clasificador es el conjunto mínimo básico de datos de la historia clínica (CMBD) Para introducir el coste de los servicios de enfermería en el proceso, el clasificador, utiliza cuidados administrados, en lugar de cuidados requeridos. Este hecho puede generar variabilidad de la práctica enfermera al impedir en ocasiones incorporar y cuantificar actividades requeridas por los pacientes relacionadas con cuidados requeridos. De hecho existe una variabilidad de coste intra GRD no explicada, que podría ser atribuible a la necesidad de cuidados requeridos. El objeto del estudio es comparar la variabilidad de atención para un mismo tipo de pacientes hospitalizados en dos modelos de hospitalización, convencional y de corta estancia. Al alta todos los pacientes se clasifican como GRD 088 EPOC. Metodología: Estudio de 200 pacientes con algún episodio de hospitalización por EPOC en el año 2004, en unidades de Neumología con una estancia de 6,9 días y corta estancia media de 2,8 días. Fuentes de datos: Historias clínicas y bases de datos del CMBD hospitalario entre el 1 de agosto de 2005 y el 30 de abril de 2006, recogida en cuestionario de elaboración propia y analizada mediante programa estadístico SPSS. Resultados: Se analizan 200 episodios de hospitalización. Edad media de 74,4 años, hospitalizadas en unidades convencionales o de corta estancia. 3,2% del total son mujeres. 97 episodios son de hospitalización convencional, frente a 103 en corta estancia. Conclusiones: Existe una variabilidad de la actividad enfermera no evaluada, para el mismo tipo de pacientes, en función de la unidad de hospitalizació

Methane aromatization in a fluidized bed reactor: Parametric study

Methane aromatization is a promising technology for the transformation of natural gas into liquid products, but suffers from the problem of catalyst deactivation by coke. A two-zone fluidized bed reactor has been proposed as a tool to counteract the catalyst deactivation, by providing continuous catalyst regeneration in the same vessel where the main reaction is carried out. This work shows the effect of the main operating conditions (carburization temperature, reaction temperature, carburization time, nature of regenerating agent and feed flow and height of the hydrocarbon entry point). Optimal reduction time and temperature were 1 h and 350°C. Best conversion and selectivity were achieved at 700°C without catalyst deactivation in the TZFBR

Terapias neuroprotectoras y neurorestauradoras en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Parkinson

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. Current therapies are symptomatic and, although these therapies are efficacious during the early stages of the disease, they present important side effects when they are used for a long time. The ideal therapy would be the one that would slow down or stop the progression of the disease. This can be achieved, for instance, with neuroprotective and neurorestorative therapies. Among them, cell therapy and therapy with trophic factors such as glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are the most challenging and promising ones for the scientific community. Although the use of GDNF as a treatment for Parkinson s disease was proposed several years ago, it is necessary to develop alternative strategies to deliver GDNF appropriately to concrete areas of the brain. Here, the use of microspheres as the most suitable tool for the administration of this neurotrophic factor is discussed

Damping mechanisms for oscillations in solar prominences

Small amplitude oscillations are a commonly observed feature in prominences/filaments. These oscillations appear to be of local nature, are associated to the fine structure of prominence plasmas, and simultaneous flows and counterflows are also present. The existing observational evidence reveals that small amplitude oscillations, after excited, are damped in short spatial and temporal scales by some as yet not well determined physical mechanism(s). Commonly, these oscillations have been interpreted in terms of linear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves, and this paper reviews the theoretical damping mechanisms that have been recently put forward in order to explain the observed attenuation scales. These mechanisms include thermal effects, through non-adiabatic processes, mass flows, resonant damping in non-uniform media, and partial ionization effects. The relevance of each mechanism is assessed by comparing the spatial and time scales produced by each of them with those obtained from observations. Also, the application of the latest theoretical results to perform prominence seismology is discussed, aiming to determine physical parameters in prominence plasmas that are difficult to measure by direct means.Comment: 36 pages, 16 figures, Space Science Reviews (accepted

Long-term neuroprotection and neurorestoration by glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor microspheres for the treatment of parkinson's disease

BACKGROUND: Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor is a survival factor for dopaminergic neurons and a promising candidate for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, the delivery issue of the protein to the brain still remains unsolved. Our aim was to investigate the effect of long-term delivery of encapsulated glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor within microspheres. METHODS: A single dose of microspheres containing 2.5 μg of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor was implanted intrastriatally in animals 2 weeks after a 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. RESULTS: The amphetamine test showed a complete behavioral recovery after 16 weeks of treatment, which was maintained until the end of the study (week 30). This effect was accompanied by an increase in dopaminergic striatal terminals and neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons. CONCLUSIONS: The main achievement was the long-term neurorestoration in parkinsonian animals induced by encapsulated glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, suggesting that microspheres may be considered as a means to deliver glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor for Parkinson's disease treatment. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society

Production of highly pure human glycosylated GDNF in a mammalian cell line

The administration of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of several diseases of the nervous system as Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord injury and nerve regeneration as well as ocular diseases and drug addictions. A procedure for the purification of human recombinant glycosylated GDNF using a mammalian expression system as the source of the protein is discussed in the present paper. The neurotrophic factor was purified using cation exchange chromatography and gel filtration. A human cell line was chosen as the source of therapeutic protein, since a recombinant protein with a structure and glycosylation pattern equivalent to the native form is desirable for its prospective therapeutic utilization. The activity of the highly pure protein obtained was confirmed with a cell-based bioassay. The purified protein is suitable for its in vivo evaluation in animals and for possible subsequent clinical application