Implication of scavenger receptors in the interactions between diesel exhaust particles and immature or mature dendritic cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The exposure to pollutants such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP) is associated with an increased incidence of respiratory diseases. However, the mechanisms by which DEP have an effect on human health are not completely understood. In addition to their action on macrophages and airway epithelial cells, DEP also modulate the functions of dendritic cells (DC). These professional antigen-presenting cells are able to discriminate unmodified self from non-self thanks to pattern recognition receptors such as the Toll like Receptors (TLR) and Scavenger Receptors (SR). SR were originally identified by their ability to bind and internalize modified lipoproteins and microorganisms but also particles and TLR agonists. In this study, we assessed the implication of SR in the effects of DEP associated or not with TLR agonists on monocyte-derived DC (MDDC). For this, we studied the regulation of CD36, CXCL16, LOX-1, SR-A1 and SR-B1 expression on MDDC treated with DEP associated or not with TLR2, 3 and 4 ligands. Then, the capacity of SR ligands (dextran sulfate and maleylated-ovalbumin) to block the effects of DEP on the function of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated DC has been evaluated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our data demonstrate that TLR2 agonists mainly augmented CXCL16, LOX-1 and SR-B1 expression whereas DEP alone had only a weak effect. Interestingly, DEP modulated the action of TLR2 and TLR4 ligands on the expression of LOX-1 and SR-B1. Pretreatment with the SR ligand maleylated-ovalbumin but not dextran sulfate inhibited the endocytosis of DEP by MDDC. Moreover, this SR ligand blocked the effect by DEP at low dose (1 μg/ml) on MDDC phenotype (a decrease of CD86 and HLA-DR expression) and on the secretion of CXCL10, IL-12 and TNF-α. In contrast, the decrease of IL-12 and CXCL10 secretion and the generation of oxygen metabolite induced by DEP at 10 μg/ml was not affected by SR ligands</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results show for the first time that the modulation of DC functions by DEP implicates SR. TLR agonists upregulated SR expression in contrast to DEP. Interfering with the expression and/or the function of SR might be one way to limit the impact of DEP on lung immune response.</p

Interactions entre épithélium bronchique et cellules dendritiques : implication de molécules membranaires

Epidemiologic studies showed a correlation between atmospheric pollution and the frequency of respiratory diseases like asthma. The effects on health are partly due to diesel exhaust particles (DEP). However, the mechanisms by which DEP affect the immune system in respiratory tract is not completely understood.Airway mucosa has to defend itself against pollutants or micro-organisms thanks to an immunological network of dendritic cells (DC) localized into the epithelium. DC play a key role in the development and the control of the immune and inflammatory response. DC are able to recognize self from non-self or modified self thanks to Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) (including Toll-like Receptors also called TLR, Scaveger Receptors also called SR) that recognize Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP). Interestingly, SR are also implicated in inhaled inert particles recognition.The aim of the work is to study the effect DEP and/or PAMP on the interactions between bronchial epithelium and DC. We particularly focused on the implication of membrane molecules such as ICAM-1, intercellular junction proteins and SR.KpOmpA, the outer membrane protein A of Klebsiella pneumoniae, activates macrophages and DC, and possess immunomodulatory properties. The aim of the work was to study the crosstalk between bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) and DC after exposure to KpOmpA and the consequences on T cell response. Our results showed KpOmpA-exposed BEC induced the recruitment and the subsequent maturation of myeloid DC by a mechanism depending on ICAM-1. These DC induce the development of a Th2 response. These data show that BEC participate in the homeostasis of myeloid DC network and regulate the induction of local immune response by favouring the transition between innate and adaptive immunity.In intestinal mucosa, the expression of intercellular junction proteins on DC allow these cells to send dendrites between intestinal epithelial cells and to capture bacteria without disrupting the barrier integrity. In this context, we supposed that this mechanism would allow antigen capture in bronchial lumen and impact on DC functions and. Our results showed that DC express adherens junction proteins E-Cadherin and β-Catenin and tight junction proteins ZO-1 and Occludin at steady state. TLR ligands modulate the expression of these proteins at mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, we showed for the first time that E-Cadherin probably modulates DC maturation during the establishment of intercellular junctions between BEC and DC.Concerning SR, TLR ligands modulate SR expression at mRNA and protein levels contrary to the weak effect of DEP. Associated to TLR ligands, DEP modulate the action of TLR on SR expression. The pretreatment with SR agonists maleylated ovalbumin and dextran sulfate only inhibits the effects of the low dose DEP (1µg/ml) on DC maturation and cytokine secretion. SR ligands have any effect on DC maturation, cytokine or ROS production when DC are exposed to a high dose DEP (10µg/ml). These data suggest a participation for SR in DC interactions with DEP.In conclusion, these data suggest the importance of adhesion molecules ICAM-1 or intercellular junction proteins and SR in mucosal DC immune response to PAMP and DEP. Our results also confirmed the interactions between both stimuliDe nombreuses études montrent une corrélation nette entre les pics de pollution atmosphérique et la fréquence d'apparition de maladies respiratoires telles que l'asthme. La pollution par les particules de diesel (DEP ou Diesel Exhaust Particles) est en partie responsable de ces effets sur la santé. Cependant, le mode d'action de ces particules n'est pas totalement élucidé. Pour se défendre des agressions par des polluants ou des agents microbiens, la muqueuse respiratoire dispose d'un réseau d'immuno-surveillance constitué de cellules dendritiques (DC) localisées au sein de la muqueuse respiratoire. Les DC jouent un rôle clé dans le développement et le contrôle de la réponse immune locale, alors que l'épithélium bronchique participe au contrôle de la réaction inflammatoire. La discrimination du soi par rapport au non soi ou au soi modifié est effectuée par les Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) (notamment les Toll-like Receptors ou TLR, Scavenger Receptors ou SR) qui reconnaissent notamment les PAMP (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern ou PAMP). De façon intéressante, les SR semblent impliqués dans l'élimination de particules inertes inhalées.Le but de ce travail est d'étudier le dialogue entre l'épithélium bronchique et les DC dans un contexte d'exposition au polluant et/ou aux PAMP en se focalisant sur le rôle des molécules membranaires dans ces interactions, en particulier ICAM-1, les protéines de jonctions intercellulaires (PJI) et les SR.Le kpOmpA, une protéine membranaire de Klebsiella pneumoniae, active les macrophages et les DC, et possède des propriétés immunomodulatrices. Notre but était d'étudier les interactions entre CEB et DC dans le contexte de l'exposition à un PAMP et les conséquences sur la réponse LcT. Nos résultats montrent que après inhalation de kpOmpA, l'épithélium bronchique participe au déclenchement de la réponse immune innée par le recrutement de précurseurs de DC myéloïdes par un mécanisme dépendant d'ICAM-1. Ces DC favorisent l'induction d'une réponse Th2. Cette étude démontre la participation active des CEB au développement de la réaction immunitaire en facilitant la transition entre l'immunité innée et acquise.Au niveau intestinal, la capture des bactéries au niveau de la lumière intestinale par les DC implique l'expression de protéines de jonctions intercellulaires, permettant aux DC d'insinuer des pseudopodes entre les cellules épithéliales afin de capturer l'antigène sans rompre l'intégrité de la barrière épithéliale. Dans ce contexte, nous supposons que l'ouverture des jonctions intercellulaires de l'épithélium pourrait également permettre la capture de l'antigène dans la lumière bronchique et influer sur les fonctions des DC et. Nos résultats montrent que les DC expriment les protéines de jonctions adhérentes E-Cadhérine et β-Caténine et les protéines de jonctions serrées Occludine et ZO-1 à l'état basal. Les ligands de TLR modulent l'expression de ces protéines au niveau des ARNm et des protéines. Nous avons montré pour la première fois que la E-Cadhérine jouait un rôle clé dans la maturation des DC lors de l'établissement des jonctions intercellulaires entre CEB et DC.Concernant les SR, les ligands de TLR modulent l'expression des SR au niveau des ARNm et des protéines contrairement aux DEP qui n'ont que peu d'effet. Associées aux ligands de TLR, les DEP modulent l'action des ligands des TLR sur l'expression des SR. Le prétraitement avec de l'ovalbumine maleylée et du dextran sulfate (agonistes des SR) bloque uniquement les effets d'une faible dose de DEP (1µg/ml) sur la maturation des DC et la sécretion de cytokines. En revanche, les ligands de SR n'ont pas d' effet sur la maturation ou encore la production d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène lorsque les DC sont exposées à une dose plus importante de DEP (10µg/ml). Ces données suggèrent la participation des SR au cours de la rèponse des DC aux DEP.Ces données suggèrent l'importance des molécules d'adhésion comme l'ICAM-1 ou les PJI et des SR dans la réponse des cellules dendritiques de la muqueuse bronchique aux PAMP et aux DEP. De plus, ils confirment les interactions existantes entre ces deux types de stimul

Scavenger receptors in human airway epithelial cells: role in response to double-stranded RNA.

Scavenger receptors and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) cooperate in response to danger signals to adjust the host immune response. The TLR3 agonist double stranded (ds)RNA is an efficient activator of innate signalling in bronchial epithelial cells. In this study, we aimed at defining the role played by scavenger receptors expressed by bronchial epithelial cells in the control of the innate response to dsRNA both in vitro and in vivo. Expression of several scavenger receptor involved in pathogen recognition was first evaluated in human bronchial epithelial cells in steady-state and inflammatory conditions. Their implication in the uptake of dsRNA and the subsequent cell activation was evaluated in vitro by competition with ligand of scavenger receptors including maleylated ovalbumin and by RNA silencing. The capacity of maleylated ovalbumin to modulate lung inflammation induced by dsRNA was also investigated in mice. Exposure to tumor necrosis factor-α increased expression of the scavenger receptors LOX-1 and CXCL16 and the capacity to internalize maleylated ovalbumin, whereas activation by TLR ligands did not. In contrast, the expression of SR-B1 was not modulated in these conditions. Interestingly, supplementation with maleylated ovalbumin limited dsRNA uptake and inhibited subsequent activation of bronchial epithelial cells. RNA silencing of LOX-1 and SR-B1 strongly blocked the dsRNA-induced cytokine production. Finally, administration of maleylated ovalbumin in mice inhibited the dsRNA-induced infiltration and activation of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar spaces and lung draining lymph nodes. Together, our data characterize the function of SR-B1 and LOX-1 in bronchial epithelial cells and their implication in dsRNA-induced responses, a finding that might be relevant during respiratory viral infections