El préstamo lingüístico como vehículo difusor de una cultura extranjera

ある意味で、借用語は二つの異なった言語の接点であり、すなわち二つの民族の接点でもある。本文では日本語から由来するスペイン語の中の借用語、及び日本語におけるスペイン語から由来する外来語を研究する。借用語は外国文化を普及する役割をもつことと,スペイン語の授業において有益性があることを述べる

Interferencia y error en E/LE : análisis de la producción de estudiantes japoneses

中級レベルのスペイン語学習者グループが書いた作文に見られる、ターゲット言語(スペイン語)に対する母語及び第二言語(英語)の語法の干渉について分析を行う。コミュニカティブ・アプローチや第二言語習得理論に従って、言語学的・原因的・教育的規準でエラーを分類する。結論としては、日本人にとってスペイン語のいかなる言語学的領域が習得に最も困難であるかを示したい。それはまた言語を教える際最も注意をしなければならない点でもある

Unravelling anaerobic metabolisms in hypersaline sediment

The knowledge on the microbial diversity inhabiting hypersaline sediments is still limited. In particular, existing data about anaerobic hypersaline archaea and bacteria are scarce and refer to a limited number of genera. The approach to obtain existing information has been almost exclusively attempting to grow every organism in axenic culture on the selected electron acceptor with a variety of electron donors. Here, a different approach has been used to interrogate the microbial community of submerged hypersaline sediment of Salitral Negro, Argentina, aiming at enriching consortia performing anaerobic respiration of different electron acceptor compounds, in which ecological associations can maximize the possibilities of successful growth. Growth of consortia was demonstrated on all offered electron acceptors, including fumarate, nitrate, sulfate, thiosulfate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and a polarized electrode. Halorubrum and Haloarcula representatives are here shown for the first time growing on lactate, using fumarate or a polarized electrode as the electron acceptor; in addition, they are shown also growing in sulfate-reducing consortia. Halorubrum representatives are for the first time shown to be growing in nitrate-reducing consortia, probably thanks to reduction of N2O produced by other consortium members. Fumarate respiration is indeed shown for the first time supporting growth of Halanaeroarchaeum and Halorhabdus belonging to the archaea, as well as growth of Halanaerobium, Halanaerobaculum, Sporohalobacter, and Acetohalobium belonging to the bacteria. Finally, evidence is presented suggesting growth of nanohaloarchaea in anaerobic conditions.Fil: Solchaga, Juan Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Busalmen, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; ArgentinaFil: Nercessian, Debora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; Argentin

Réparation du cartilage articulaire par matériaux biologiques

The purpose of this study was to assess the joint cartilage's capacity for repair and the potential of various biological tissues as replacements for damaged cartilage. METHODS: We operated 30.3 months old, lambs, creating a chondral lesion which was left untreated in group I and treated with a fresh chondral implant in group III, a frozen chondral implant in group IV, and a frozen periostal implant in group V; in group II the lesion extended as far as the subchondral bone. The lesions were performed in the loading area of the medial condyle of the knee. Follow-up time was 6 months, and the results were assessed histologically. RESULTS: In the chondral lesions which remained untreated (group I), degeneration of the exposed layers occurred, and loss of both cartilage thickness and homogeneity of the matrix was noted. Where the lesion extended as far as the subchondral bone (group II), repair was found to have taken place with a fibrous tissue indistinguishable from cartilage. When cartilage was implanted (group III and IV), the integration of the implant depended on wether there was any contact between the implant and the surrounding tissue. DISCUSSION: The integrity of the fresh implants was maintained better than that of the frozen ones, which were found to contain cells with a proliferative capacity. When periosteum was placed over the chondral lesion, we observed the formation of a very loose fibrous tissue in which the initial stages of differentiation could be appreciated in the deepest layers

Análisis de negociaciones y acuerdos comerciales internacionales

Uno de los objetivos de cualquier acuerdo comercial entre países es la consecución de una reducción en las barreras al comercio, para conseguir con ello menores costes y un aumento de los flujos comerciales y de la inversión. Este estudio se centra en las negociaciones del Acuerdo Transatlántico sobre Comercio e Inversión entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea (TTIP, en sus siglas en inglés) y del Acuerdo de Asociación Transpacífico (TPP, en sus siglas en inglés). Para estudiar los flujos comerciales se lleva a cabo un análisis mediante el empleo de datos de la situación de los países de ambos acuerdos. Se empleará para ello el modelo de gravedad, para conocer las variables que influyen en el comercio y evaluar su impacto en el mismo. De este modo se estudiarán y compararán los acuerdos a través de esta fórmulaGraduado o Graduada en Economía por la Universidad Pública de NavarraEkonomian Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa

Development of thermal network to simulate light structured buildings and comparison with heavy structured buildings

In the past years there have been numerous researches centred in the optimization of the simplified thermal network models, in order to simulate the thermal behaviour of buildings. The present master thesis has been done within the frame of the RESIZED project – a multidisciplinary project on energy savings funded by the European Union – at the Department of Thermal Engineering and Combustion at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Mons; the thesis forms part of a bigger research whose main objective consist in simulating the energy consumption and the thermal behaviour of a whole district composed by different typologies of buildings. The latter might be a complex and difficult task to carry out. Hence, in order to make it easier, the simplified models (which reduce the heating problems into few parameters) will be employed. This dissertation is focused on a specific simplified RC model: 4R3C model. The mentioned model is composed by a thermal network that connects together two 2R1C branches: the first one represents the envelope of the building that is in contact with the outside air and the second one means to represent the building’s floor. There is an extra capacitor that is attached to the connection point of the two branches, which represents the internal temperature of the building and, consequently, its internal capacitance. Therefore, the goal of this master thesis consists in studying the evolution of the model’s components - resistances and capacitors - on the light structured buildings and comparing them with the ones achieved on the heavy structured buildings. The data for both light and heavy structured buildings will be obtained in TRNSYS, a simulation software that uses measuring “real” data to calculate the building’s internal temperature and the actuating heat fluxes. Then, the obtained outcome is ran with an optimization process (by using Matlab software) that determines the most suitable values for the 4R3C model’s components in order to give the maximum fitting proportion on the same output variables (temperatures and heat fluxes) that TRNSYS gives. In order to carry out the study, two different parameters have been observed. On the one hand, the fitting proportion on the building’s internal temperature between the data provided by TRNSYS and the data provided by the Matlab model. On the other hand, the relation of the 4R3C model’s components determined with Matlab and the ones calculated theoretically with the buildings properties. As for the structure of the thesis, three studies can be distinguished. The first research has been focused on analysing the impact of different heating loads and indoor conditions on the model’s components; both on light and heavy structured buildings. As the study reveals, the use of heating systems on the buildings brings the most precise results. The second and most relevant study has been centred on analysing how the components of light and heavy structured buildings are influenced by variations on four different characteristics of each type of building: the building’s floor surface, its width-todepth ratio, its windows-to-floor surface ratio and its orientation angle. As it has been proven, the fitting proportion of the internal temperature has been higher than 80% in both types of buildings. Moreover, the resistances have obtained more accurate results than capacitances in both cases compared to the “real” values. In addition, the capacitances results of the light structured buildings have been more precise than the ones acquired for the heavy structured buildings. The third and last main study of this master thesis has consisted on verifying the employed model by making a simulation of a whole year duration. This has revealed that the used model is correct.Outgoin

Sobre la liberalidad de la organería

El presente artículo trata sobre la liberalidad de la organería. En él se da cuenta de un pleito inédito dirimido en Pamplona entre la hermandad de San José y Santo Tomás, que agrupaba a los oficios de la construcción y las artes lignarias, y dos maestros organeros que trabajaban en la capital, sin estar examinados. Durante el litigio testifican y aportan sus opiniones los más importantes maestros (organeros, carpinteros, ensambladores y arquitectos) de la capital, así como también relevantes personalidades ajenas al oficio, que ofrecen testimonios sobre la citada profesión y sobre lo que se practicaba en otros focos peninsulares como Aragón, Castilla o la Corte

Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Enhances Expansion of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells without Diminishing Their Immunosuppressive Potential

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the main curative therapy for many hematologic malignancies. Its potential relies on graft-versus-tumor effects which associate with graft-versus-host disease. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties that make them attractive therapeutic alternatives. We evaluated the in vitro immunosuppressive activity of medium conditioned by human MSCs from 5 donors expanded 13 passages with or without FGF-2. FGF-2 supplementation increased expansion 3,500- and 240,000-fold by passages 7 and 13, respectively. There were no differences in immunosuppressive activity between media conditioned by passage-matched cells expanded under different conditions, but media conditioned by FGF-treated MSCs were superior to population doubling-matched controls. The immunosuppressive activity was maintained in three of the preparations but decreased with expansion in two. The proliferation induced by FGF-2 did not result in loss of immunosuppressive activity. However, because the immunosuppressive activity was not consistently preserved, caution must be exercised to ensure that the activity of the cells is sufficient after extensive expansion