591 research outputs found

    Inverting the sum of two singular matrices

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    Square matrices of the form A~=A+eDf∗\widetilde{\mathbf{A}} =\mathbf{A} + \mathbf{e}D \mathbf{f}^* are considered. An explicit expression for the inverse is given, provided A~\widetilde{\mathbf{A}} and DD are invertible with rank(A~)=rank(A)+rank(eDf∗)\text{rank}(\widetilde{\mathbf{A}}) =\text{rank}(\mathbf{A})+\text{rank}(\mathbf{e}D \mathbf{f}^*). The inverse is presented in two ways, one that uses singular value decomposition and another that depends directly on the components A\mathbf{A}, e\mathbf{e}, f\mathbf{f} and DD. Additionally, a matrix determinant lemma for singular matrices follows from the derivations

    Formaldehyde Metabolism and Formaldehyde-induced Alterations in Glucose and Glutathione Metabolism of Cultured Brain Cells

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    Formaldehyde is an environmental pollutant that is also generated in the body during normal metabolic processes. Interestingly, several pathological conditions are associated with an increase in formaldehyde-generating enzymes in the body. The level of formaldehyde in the brain is elevated with increasing age and in neurodegenerative conditions which may contribute to lowered cognitive functions. Although the neurotoxic potential of formaldehyde is well established, the molecular mechanisms involved remain, to a great extent, obscure. Also, the ability of the different types of brain cells to metabolize formaldehyde has not been reported so far. This thesis investigated the capacity of cultured brain cells to metabolize formaldehyde and studied the effects of a formaldehyde exposure on the glucose and the glutathione metabolism by using primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons or astrocytes as well as the oligodendroglial cell-line OLN-93 as model systems. These cultured cells were remarkably resistant towards acute toxicity of formaldehyde and expressed the mRNAs for enzymes that are known to be involved in formaldehyde generation and disposal, suggesting that brain cells are able to metabolize this aldehyde. Furthermore, all three types of cultures cleared exogenously applied formaldehyde with almost identical rates, but differed in the extent of the formation of the formaldehyde oxidation product, formate. Since formate is a known inhibitor of the cytochrome c oxidase of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and since the metabolism of formaldehyde involves the important antioxidant glutathione, the effect of an exposure of cultured brain cells to formaldehyde on their glucose and glutathione metabolism was also investigated. Formaldehyde application accelerated the export of glycolysis-derived lactate and induced a rapid multidrug-resistance protein 1-mediated export of glutathione from cultured brain cells. These formaldehyde-induced alterations in metabolic pathways of brain cells may contribute to the known impairments in memory and learning that have been reported for neurodegenerative conditions and for formaldehyde-exposed animals

    En registeranalys (ROB-FIN) av biverkningar för biologiska lÀkemedel vid reumatiska sjukdomar

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    Biologiska lĂ€kemedel började anvĂ€ndas inom vĂ„rden av reumatiska sjukdomar för ca 15 Ă„r sedan. De relativt nya medicinerna har sedan dess följts upp med nationella register i flera lĂ€nder för att bedöma deras effekt samt för att utvĂ€rdera omfattningen av biverkningarna inklusive eventuella ovĂ€ntade biverkningar. I denna studie undersöktes biverkningar av biologiska lĂ€kemedel vid vĂ„rd av reumatiska sjukdomar med hjĂ€lp av uppgifter frĂ„n det finlĂ€ndska registret för biologiska lĂ€kemedel inom reumavĂ„rden, ROB-FIN. Även uppgifter om biverkningar som Fimea (Finnish Medicines Agency) har samlat in för lĂ€kemedlen i frĂ„ga anvĂ€ndes för att jĂ€mföra de bĂ„da registrens kongruens. Alla rapporterade fall (n=888) frĂ„n registrets start till 31.12.2012 anvĂ€ndes i analysen, bortsett frĂ„n de som inte uppfyllde inkluderingskriterierna. De vanligaste biverkningarna var infektioner, hudproblem och allmĂ€nna symptom, vilket stĂ€mmer överens med resultat frĂ„n tidigare studier. Inget i studien tyder heller pĂ„ en ökad helhetsrisk för maligniteter

    Riskbedömning av djurvÀlfÀrd inom smÄskalig fÄrslakt.

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    Det finns ett ökat intresse för djurvĂ€lfĂ€rdsfrĂ„gor i samhĂ€llet, vilket stĂ€ller krav pĂ„ beslutsfattare att ta hĂ€nsyn till detta i sina beslut. Riskbedömning Ă€r ett verktyg som kan anvĂ€ndas för att hjĂ€lpa beslutsfattare att sĂ€tta upp riktlinjer baserade pĂ„ vetenskap. Samtidigt med det ökade intresset för djurvĂ€lfĂ€rd har smĂ„skaliga slakterier blivit alltmer populĂ€rt och de senaste Ă„ren har flera nya slakterier startats. Trots det stora intresset för bĂ„de smĂ„skalig slakt och djurvĂ€lfĂ€rd Ă€r forskning utförd inom dessa bĂ„da omrĂ„den mycket begrĂ€nsad. Syftet med detta projekt var att göra en riskbedömning av djurvĂ€lfĂ€rd inom smĂ„skalig slakt. Projektet skulle beskriva vilka riskfaktorer som djur, vilka slaktas pĂ„ smĂ„skaliga gĂ„rdsslakterier, exponeras för och i vilken utstrĂ€ckning exponeringen sker. I projektet ingick ocksĂ„ att göra en jĂ€mförelse med risker vid slakt pĂ„ storskaliga slakterier. Riskbedömningen har utförts med utgĂ„ngspunkt frĂ„n EFSA:s riktlinjer för slakt och riskbedömning. Eftersom kunskapen om smĂ„skalig slakt var begrĂ€nsad, var första steget att göra en kartlĂ€ggning av de smĂ„skaliga slakterierna i Sverige och de olika slaktmetoder som anvĂ€nds. DĂ€refter listades riskfaktorer och den sannolika exponeringen för dessa uppskattades. Ett antal experter inom djurvĂ€lfĂ€rd och slakt gjorde sedan en bedömning av allvarlighetsgraden utifrĂ„n ett djurvĂ€lfĂ€rdsperspektiv. Samma bedömning gjordes Ă€ven för den storskaliga slakten. Slutligen kunde riskerna rangordnas som stora, mindre eller obetydliga risker för smĂ„- respektive storskalig slakt. Viktigt Ă€r dock att komma ihĂ„g att Ă€ven riskfaktorer, som anses vara mindre eller till och med obetydliga, kan innebĂ€ra stort lidande för ett enskilt djur. En jĂ€mförelse mellan smĂ„- och storskalig slakt Ă€r svĂ„r att göra utifrĂ„n resultaten. Det kan dock konstateras att det finns en stor potential för de smĂ„skaliga slakterierna att möjliggöra en god djurvĂ€lfĂ€rd för djuren. Stora risker smĂ„skalig slakt ‱ SlĂ€pande och dragande vid drivning frĂ„n stall till bedövningsplats > 10 % av drivtiden Stora risker storskalig slakt ‱ SlĂ€pande och dragande vid drivning frĂ„n stall till bedövningsplats > 10 % av drivtiden ‱ SlĂ€pande och dragande vid drivning frĂ„n stall till bedövningsplats > 50 % av drivtiden ‱ Inga Ă„tgĂ€rder för att förbĂ€ttra elektrodkontakten vid elbedövning ‱ TĂ„ngen applicerad och strömmen pĂ„slagen > 4 sekunder vid elbedövnin

    Procurement of Railway Infrastructure Projects – A European Benchmarking Study

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    This benchmarking study compares how railway investments are procured in five European countries: Sweden, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK. In total, 19 procurement managers and project managers were interviewed. This study compares the national rail clients’ procurement strategies regarding: delivery system, reward system, contractor selection, and collaboration model. Historically, these clients have used in-house production. The first step towards a gradually increased usage of the market was to outsource the construction activities while keeping the design and development competence in-house. All five countries have mainly used Design-Bid-Build contracts in their initial outsourcing. However, the last few years there is a discernible trend in Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands and the UK towards allocating more design and development responsibilities to contractors (i.e. Design-Build contracts) and increasing the strategic focus on cooperation. The UK and the Netherlands are forerunners in this trend that can be viewed as a third step in the transition towards a market oriented railway sector. Norway and Sweden is in the middle of this transition, whereas Germany has not initiated this change. The transition towards a gradually increased usage of the market has two main dimensions; degree of cooperation and degree of contractor freedom, which differs among the countries. The UK and Sweden focus on increasing both these dimensions, while The Netherlands and Norway mostly focus on increasing the degree of contractor freedom. Germany still limits both dimensions by performing design and development in-house and letting contractors compete for construction work in Design-Bid-Build contracts. Due to historical and cultural reasons, Deutsche Bahn in Germany is very hesitant to engage in collaboration with external suppliers; focusing on competition is considered more appropriate and less controversial

    Den könskodade samsjukligheten - En kvalitativ studie om hur socialsekreterare talar om samsjuklighet i förhÄllande till kön.

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    In this study, our aim is to analyse if social workers construct sex and maintain gender differences in their approach to men and women with comorbidity. We define a comorbid person as someone sustained from mental illness in general and who at the same time use substances. We apply a qualitative method with semi- structured interviews where we interview social workers who work with substance use in different social service offices. We analyse our material by using a social constructivism theory and Judith Butler's gender theory to understand the construction and significance of sex and gender. We find that social workers construct gender and sex when they speak of comorbidity and thus reconstruct gender perceptions of what is feminine and masculine. Comorbidity becomes a gendered codification where social workers assign women and men different qualities based on expectations of their gender
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