Detection of Knockdown-Resistance Mutations (V1016G and F1534C) in Dengue Vector from Urban Park, Surabaya, Indonesia

An urban park is potentially a source of vector-borne disease transmission due to it being a natural and artificial mosquito breeding habitats combined with people's continuous presence. Thus, this study aims to screen the occurrence of knockdown-resistance (kdr) mutant alleles (V1016G and F1534C) in mosquito populations collected from urban parks in Surabaya, Indonesia. Cross sectional study was conducted in July 2019. A total of 28 ovitraps were installed in seven urban parks, having four ovitraps installed in each park. In total, 1,662 eggs were collected, and only 187 emerged into adult mosquitoes, consisting of 97 Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and 90 Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus. All-female adult mosquitoes (n=55) were tested using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay (AS-PCR) to detect voltage gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene mutations. This study found no mutations in Valine to Glysine mutation in point 1016 (V1016G) and Phenylalanine to Cysteine in point 1534 (F1534C) alleles in both two species. All of mosquito samples have wild type genotype of kdr alleles (V1016V and F1534F). Data were analysed using R Studio 1.4 Version by Genetics package. Results showed that the frequency of resistant alleles (G1016 and C1534) was zero, and the frequency of susceptible allele was 1 (V1016 and F1534). Insecticide bioassay could not be established due to the limited number of adult mosquitoes, so insecticide resistance status could not be determined. However, this study can be used as preliminary monitoring for the vector control program

In Vitro Study: Effect of Cobalt(II) Chloride Against Dengue Virus Type 1 in Vero Cells

Dengue virus (DENV) serotypes DENV-1 to DENV-4 are enveloped viruses that belong to the genus Flavivirus of the Flaviviridae. Dengue vaccine or antiviral has not yet been clinically approved for humans, even though there have been great efforts toward this end. Antiviral activity against DENV is needed to develop to be an alternative drug for DENV virus. Cobalt(II) chloride have been used in the treatment and prevention of diseases of humans since ancient times. The aim of this study is to investigate the antiviral effects and Cytotoxicity of Cobalt(II) chloride. This compound was further investigated for its inhibitory effect on the replication of DENV-1 in Vero cells. Antiviral activity and Cytotoxicity measured by WST-1 assay. The IC50 value of the Cobalt(II) chloride for DENV-1 was 0.38 μg/ml. The cytotoxicity of Cobalt(II) chloride to Vero cell suggest that the CC50 value was 2.91 µg/ml The results of this study demonstrate the anti-dengue serotype 1 inhibitory activity of Cobalt(II) chloride was a high toxic compound

Prevalence of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus among pigs in Bali and East Java, Indonesia, 2008

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a fatal disease in Asia. Pigs are considered to be the effective amplifying host for JEV in the peridomestic environment. Bali Island and Java Island in Indonesia provide a model to assess the effect of pigs on JEV transmission, since the pig density is nearly 100-fold higher in Bali than Java, while the geographic and climatologic environments are equivalent in these areas. We surveyed antibodies to JEV among 123 pigs in Mengwi (Bali) and 96 pigs in Tulungagung (East Java) in 2008 by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test. Overall prevalences were 49% in Bali and 6% in Java, with a significant difference between them (P < 0.001). Monthly infection rates estimated from age-dependent antibody prevalences were 11% in Bali and 2% in Java. In addition, 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive antibodies were found only from Bali samples. Further, the average HAI antibody titer obtained from positive samples was significantly higher in Bali (1:52) than Java (1:10; P < 0.001). These results indicated that JEV transmission in nature is more active in Bali than East Java

A NEW COPPER (II)-IMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE EFFECTIVELY INHIBITS REPLICATION OF DENV-2 IN VERO CELL

Background: Dengue is a kind of infectious disease that was distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical areas. To date, there is no clinically approved dengue vaccine or antiviral for humans, even though there have been great efforts towards this end. Therefore, finding the effective compound against dengue virus (DENV) replication is very important. Among the complex compounds, copper(II)-imidazole derivatives are of interest because of their biological and medicinal benefits. Materials and Methods: In the present study, antiviral activity of [Cu(2,4,5-triphenylimidazole)2]n, was evaluated against different stages of dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) replication in Vero cell using focus forming unit reduction assay and quantitative ELISA. Results: [Cu(2,4,5-triphenylimidazole)2]n inhibited DENV-2 replication in Vero cells with IC50 = 2.3 μg/ml and SI= 19.42 when cells were treated 2 days after virus infection, whereas its CC50 for cytotoxicity to Vero cells was 44.174 μg/ml. Conclusion: The compound has high anti-DENV2 activity, less toxicity, and a high possibility to be considered a drug candidate

INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF COBALT(II)–MORIN COMPLEX AGAINST THE REPLICATION OF DENGUE VIRUS TYPE 2

Dengue virus (DENV) is a significant pathogen emerging worldwide as a cause of infectious disease. Antidengue treatments are urgently required to control the emergence of dengue. DENV is a mosquito-borne disease responsible for acute systemic diseases and serious health conditions. DENVs were distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical areas and transmitted to humans by Aedes agypty and Aedes albopictus. Dengue vaccine or antiviral has not yet been clinically approved for humans, even though there have been great efforts toward this end. Antiviral activity against DENV is an important alternative for the characterization and development of drugs. Metal–organic compounds were reported to exhibit fungicidal, bactericidal, and antiviral activities its inhibitory activity was not significant, at high concentration it was more toxic to replicating cells than to stationary cell monolayers of Vero cells. The aim of this study is to investigate the antiviral effects of Cobalt(II)–Morin complex. This compound was further investigated for its inhibitory effect on the replication of DENV-2 in Vero cells. The replication of DENV was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the value of selectivity index (SI). SI was determined as the ratio of the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) to the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50). The IC50 value of the Cobalt(II)–Morin complex for DENV-2 was 3.08 µg/ml, and the CC50 value of the complex for Vero cells was 3.36 µg/ml; thus, the SI value was 1.09. The results of this study demonstrate the antidengue serotype 2 inhibitory activity of Cobalt(II)–Morin complex and its high toxicity in Vero cells. Further studies are not required before Co(II)–Morin can be applied in the treatment of DENV-2 infections

Novel Antiviral Investigation of Annona squamosa Leaf Extract against the Dengue Virus Type-2: In vitro Study

Introduction: Dengue virus (DENV) infection is general mosquito-transmitted viral taint. It can lead to the dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Dengue is a solemn illness with no endowed antiviral medication or recognized vaccine. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the activity of Annona squamosa leaf extract (ASLE) against dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) isolated from Surabaya, Indonesia in 2013 (NCBI accession number: KT012509). Methods: In this study, the antiviral activity of ASLE was evaluated against DENV- 2 in Vero cells using Viral ToxGlo™ Assay. In addition, we used CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay to set the amount of viable cells in culture based on quantitation of the ATP. Results: DENV-2 replication inhibited by ASLE in Vero cells with IC50 = 73.78 μg/mL and SI = 4.49 when cells were treated two days after virus infection, whereas its CC50 for cytotoxicity to Vero cells was 331.54 μg/mL. Interestingly, this is the first report on the investigation of ASLE against DENV-2. Conclusion: In summary, ASLE demonstrated the antiviral activity against DENV-2 with less toxicity, and high possibility as a drug candidate. Therefore, it might be suggested for in vivo assessment in the progress of a potent antiviral against DENV-2

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Infants: Research Opportunities Ignored

The age distribution of cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) in infants under the age of 1 year are reported from Bangkok, Thailand, and for the first time for Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Yangon, Myanmar; and Surabaya, Indonesia. The four dengue viruses were isolated from Thai infants, all of whom were having a primary dengue infection. Progress studying the immunologically distinct infant DHF/DSS has been limited; most contemporary research has centered on DHF/DSS accompanying secondary dengue infections. In designing research results obtained in studies on a congruent animal model, feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) infections of kittens born to FIPV-immune queens should be considered. Research challenges presented by infant DHF/DSS are discussed

UPDATE MANAGEMENT OF DENGUE COMPLICATION IN PEDIATRIC

Dengue virus infection is one of the important health problems in Indonesia, although the mortality rate has been decreased but many dengue shock syndrome cases is very difficult to be solving handled. It might be due to nature course of dengue virus infection is very difficult to predict of the earlier time of severity occur. THE AIM To get idea to make update management of dengue complication in pediatric. MATERIAL AND METHOD Data were compiled from Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya in 2009. The diagnosis of all cases was based on criteria WHO 1997 and PCR examination in Institute Tropical Disease for identified serotype of dengue virus infection. The unusual cases of dengue virus infection were treated following the new WHO protocol in 2009. RESULT There were only 3 cases with serotype DEN 1, consisted 2 cases had age 1–4 years and 1 had age 5–14 years. 2 cases showed a severe clinical performance as dengue shock syndrome and 1 case showed as unusual case of dengue virus infection. Three report cases of: a. Dengue hemorrhagic fever grade III which liver involvement and had bilateral pleural effusion; b. Dengue hemorrhagic grade III with liver involvement and encephalopathy; c. Dengue hemorrhagic grade III with liver involvement acute kidney injury, myocardial involvement and encephalopathy. All the patients were treated according to new edition WHO protocol and all of the involving organ recovered along with the improvement of the disease. CONCLUSION Update management of dengue complication pediatric should be learned carefully used for helping unusual cases of dengue virus infection

Ilmu penyakit anak: diagnosa dan penatalaksanaan

xii, 135 hlm; 26 c

Kumpulan makalah penyakit tropis dan infeksi di Indonesia jilid 7

Merupakan kumpulan makalah mengenai penyakit diare, Shigella, kolera, sepsis, neonatorum, malaria, japanese ensefalitis dan penyakit cacar pada neonatus. Meliputi 18 pokok permasalahan, yaitu Diare pada Anak, Berbagai Macam Gejala Klinis Penderita Diare, Sindrom Disentri pada Anak, Disentri Shigella pada Anak, Vibrio Kolera pada Anak, Antibiotika pada Diare, Diet pada Anak dengan Diare, Susu Formula pada Bayi, Formula Hypoallergenic, FormulaIsolat Protein Kedelai Plus A-A dengan DHA, Vitamin A, Sepsis Neonatorum, Polimorfisme Genetik pada Sepsis, Malaria Falciparum, Resistensi Terhadap Klorokuin, Sindrom Cushing pada Anak, Japanese Ensefalitis, Penyakit Cacar Air pada Neonatus