The relationship between foreign development assistance and human rights peerformance : a case study of the United States of America, Canada, The Netherlands and Indonesia : a research project presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University

This dissertation examines the degree to which donor countries have attempted to suspend or discontinue foreign aid to the recipients on human rights ground. Contemporary approaches to human rights in development are represented by both the theory of "Natural Rights" and the theory of "Cultural Relativism". Donors and most of the Western countries, advocate the former and give emphasis to civil and political rights. Whereas most of the recipient countries uphold the theory of "Cultural Relativism" and put emphasis on economic, social and cultural rights. One of the common facets of cultural relativism is the postponement of civil and political rights for the sake of economic development. The basic tenet of this position is that, if economic development has been achieved then civil and political rights will be exercised naturally. Indeed, this is the common conviction in some Third World nations where stability is regarded as the key to successful economic development. Poor treatment of human rights are therefore often a consequence of this conviction in these countries. The advocacy of prevention of abuses of these rights, through the suspension of foreign aid, emerges from this consequence. Another consequence is that, opposition to the "link between aid and human rights" grows largely in the recipient nations. This thesis, acknowledging the complexity of the issue, sets out to assess the case study of three donor countries; the USA. Canada and the Netherlands. All were, and still are, strong advocates of "giving aid on human rights grounds". The foreign aid flow of these donor countries, each dealing independently with Indonesia as the recipient, is assessed. The results suggest that, despite the fact that the legitimacy of cutting aid on human rights grounds is emphasized, practical moves in this direction by the USA, Canada and the Netherlands from 1980 until 1995, remain the exception rather than the rule. Though Indonesia's record on human rights has remained deplorable. Foreign Development Assistance (ODA) has continued on the ground. This thesis, finally, suggests possibilities for future improvements of human rights in the recipient countries, particularly in Indonesia, in its recommendations

ANALISA PENGARUH BEBAN TIDAK SEIMBANG PADA PERFORMA JARINGAN DISTRIBUSI 20 KV DI DILI - TIMOR LESTE DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SOFTWARE ETAP (UNBALANCE )

ANALISA PENGARUH BEBAN TIDAK SEIMBANG PADA PERFORMA JARINGAN DISTRIBUSI 20 KV DI DILI - TIMOR LESTE DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SOFTWARE ETAP (UNBALANCE ) Mario da costa Soares : nim 1212024 Dosen pembimbing 1 : Irrine Budi S. ST,MT Dosen pembimbing 2 : Ir.choirul saleh , MT Jurusan Teknik Elektro S–1,Konsentrasi Teknik Energ Listrik S-1 Fakultas Teknologi Industri, Institut Teknologi Nasional Malang Jl.Raya Karanglo KM 2 Malang Email :[email protected] Abstrak Unbalance merupakan Ketidakseimbangan beban pada suatu sistem distribusi tenaga listrik selalu terjadi dan penyebab ketidakseimbangan tersebut adalah pada beban-beban satu fasa pada pelanggan jaringan tegangan rendah. Akibat ketidakseimbangan beban tersebut muncullah arus di netral trafo. Arus yang mengalir di netral trafo ini menyebabkan terjadinya losses (rugi-rugi), yaitu losses akibat adanya arus netral pada penghantar netral trafo dan losses akibat arus netral yang mengalir ke tanah. Setelah dianalisa, diperoleh bahwa bila terjadi ketidakseimbangan beban yang besar 48,4kw, dan 89.0 kvar maka arus netral yang muncul juga besar (9019.5 A) dan losses akibat arus netral yang mengalir ke tanah semakin pula besar maka sebesar 5762 amper dan setlah melakukan setingan arus yang mengalir lewat tanah semakin kecil sebesar 7380,6 Amper. Kata kunci adalah : pengaruh ketidaksimbangan beban Pada trafo dan rugi-rugi( losses

The influence of sleep deprivation, cold exposure, exercise stress and nutritional intervention on selected immune responses

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Wireless Underwater Broadband and Long Range Communications using Underwater Drones as Data Mules

The underwater communications are essential for the operation and collect large amounts of data (video and images) obtained by Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and remotely controlled underwater vehicles (ROVs) in inspection and monitoring missions at sea. Acoustic waves, despite the high range, allow only narrowband communications, which prevents quick and effective transfer of data. On the other hand, aquatic environment, in particular salt water, severely limits the scope of networks based on electromagnetic waves, having such a range of radius of a few meters. This thesis aims to study and evaluate the use of small vehicles (underwater drones - date mules) capable of transporting data across networks with tolerance to delay (Delay-Tolerant Networks - DTN) between a transmitter and an underwater receiver, taking advantage of high transfer rates at close range. The student must implement a file transfer application that can tolerate high delays in the delivery of information packages. The application will be tested in the underwater environment using the large tank available at INESC TEC and tight cylinder, and compared with simulation results for this scenario. 163/5000 This thesis also presupposes the elaboration of a scientific article for publication in a conference or magazine to disseminate the relevant results of the work.As comunicações subaquáticas são essenciais para a operação e recolha de grandes quantidades de dados (vídeo e imagens) obtidas por Veículos Autónomos Subaquáticos (AUVs) e por veículos subaquáticos controlados remotamente (ROVs) em missões de inspeção e monitorização no mar. As ondas acústicas, apesar do elevado alcance, permitem apenas comunicações de banda estreita, o que inviabiliza a transferência desses dados de forma rápida e eficiente. Por outro lado, o meio aquático, em especial a água salgada, limita severamente o alcance das redes baseadas em ondas eletromagnéticas, tendo estas um raio de alcance de apenas alguns metros. Nesta tese pretende-se estudar e avaliar a utilização de pequenos veículos (drones subaquáticos - data mules) capazes de transportar dados através de redes tolerantes ao atraso (Delay-Tolerant Networks - DTN) entre um emissor e um recetor subaquático, tirando partido das elevadas taxas de transferência a curto alcance. O estudante deverá implementar uma aplicação de transferência de ficheiros capaz de tolerar elevados atrasos na entrega de pacotes de informação. A aplicação será testada em ambiente subaquático recorrendo ao tanque de grandes dimensões disponível no INESC TEC e a cilindros estanques, e comparada com resultados de simulação para esse cenário. Esta tese pressupõe também a elaboração de um artigo científico para publicação em conferência ou revista para disseminação dos resultados relevantes do trabalho

Donas da Terra. her-story on female power and authority in the Zambezi Valley, Mozambique

The Zambezi Valley, in Mozambique has been considered a sociological construct, more than geographical space. Portuguese colonial rule over this area, enacted initially from Goa, instituted the prazo system which was a system by which Crown land was leased to settlers for a fixed period. To attract more settlers, some prazos were given as dowry to girls who married Portuguese vassals; to be inherited through the female line, for at least three generations. These women became known as the Donas. Indigenous women in the region were also reportedly powerful and had administrative authority. Among the Maravi, the wife of the karonga had jurisdiction over part of the territory. Female chiefs were also reported to have existed. Among the Shona, the wives of the mutapa had their own territory and at times served as ambassadors of the empire. Despite their notoriety, historical texts mention these women marginally or as surrogates to male dominance. This is not a coincidence, but stems from a male perception of female roles. By constructing a text which generally ignores women’s role in history or relegates it to a secondary plane by comparison to their male counterparts, historians may have not made justice to the social, political and economic structures and inner workings of the Zambezi Valley complex, to borrow Mathews (1981) term. The research I propose to undergo intends to bring forth the ways in which current women of this sociological space, historically connected to this array of powerful female ancestors have been (re)constructing the perception of their power and authority. I will use the feminist discussion to argue for the relevance of a history about women and based on women’s accounts. The concept of power will be central and overarching, as the women under analysis past and present are viewed as powerful and with authority. However, this essay will focus more on historical context and knowledge production, than on the conceptual discussion on power