Building Babies - Chapter 16

In contrast to birds, male mammals rarely help to raise the offspring. Of all mammals, only among rodents, carnivores, and primates, males are sometimes intensively engaged in providing infant care (Kleiman and Malcolm 1981). Male caretaking of infants has long been recognized in nonhuman primates (Itani 1959). Given that infant care behavior can have a positive effect on the infant’s development, growth, well-being, or survival, why are male mammals not more frequently involved in “building babies”? We begin the chapter defining a few relevant terms and introducing the theory and hypotheses that have historically addressed the evolution of paternal care. We then review empirical findings on male care among primate taxa, before focusing, in the final section, on our own work on paternal care in South American owl monkeys (Aotus spp.). We conclude the chapter with some suggestions for future studies.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (HU 1746/2-1) Wenner-Gren Foundation, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the National Science Foundation (BCS-0621020), the University of Pennsylvania Research Foundation, the Zoological Society of San Dieg

Animal products, calcium and protein and prostate cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study

Prostate cancer risk in relation to consumption of animal products, and intake of calcium and protein was investigated in the Netherlands Cohort Study. At baseline in 1986, 58,279 men aged 55-69 years completed a self-administered 150-item food frequency questionnaire and a questionnaire on other risk factors for cancer. After 6.3 years of follow-up, 642 prostate cancer cases were available for analysis. In multivariate case-cohort analyses adjusted for age, family history of prostate cancer and socioeconomic status, no associations were found for consumption of fresh meat, fish, cheese and eggs. Positive trends in risk were found for consumption of cured meat and milk products (P-values 0.04 and 0.02 respectively). For calcium and protein intake, no associations were observed. The hypothesis that dietary factors might be more strongly related to advanced prostate rumours could not be confirmed in our study. We conclude that, in this study, animal products are not strongly related to prostate cancer risk

Social relationships in a cooperatively polyandrous group of tamarins ( Saguinus fuscicollis )

This paper presents detailed data on the social relationships among the adults, and between the adults and young, of a cooperatively polyandrous saddle-back tamarin ( Saguinus fusciollis ; Callitrichidae) group studied for one year. Some data are also presented from groups studied in other years. Adult males in the study groups gave more grooming than they received, while the opposite was true for females (e.g. Fig. 1). The two polyandrous males in the main study group were very rarely aggressive to each other, rarely tried to disrupt each others' copulations, groomed each other, and occasionally shared food, suggesting that their relationship was more affiliative than agonistic. Data on grooming (Fig. 2), spatial relationships, and the initiation of copulations suggest that the males of this group, may have been somewhat more responsible than the female for the maintenance of male-female relationships. Both males and females performed all forms of parental care except lactation. In the main study group each of the males groomed the offspring and remained in close proximity to them more than did the female (Figs.3 and 4). These data are compared with existing data on social relationships in bird species that exhibit cooperative polyandry.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46887/1/265_2004_Article_BF00299639.pd

O processo de recuperação da criança após a alta hospitalar: revisão integrativa

OBJETIVO: Identificar o conhecimento disponível a respeito do processo de recuperação da criança hospitalizada e de sua família após a alta. MÉTODOS: Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada em bases de dados, de âmbito nacional e internacional, com abordagem qualitativa dos dados. RESULTADOS: Os 16 artigos selecionados pertencem a periódicos internacionais, foram publicados entre 1990 a 2005 e permitiram a identificação dos seguintes temas: Manifestações biopsicossociais da criança e da família. Fatores relacionados às manifestações biopsicossociais da criança e da família; Benefícios da alta precoce da criança e Necessidades de informação e apoio. CONCLUSÕES: As intervenções voltadas à criança e à família devem ser iniciadas ainda na hospitalização, a fim de melhorar sua capacidade de enfrentamento. Há necessidade de aprimorar as pesquisas sobre essa temática nos países em desenvolvimento incluindo a perspectiva da família como unidade.OBJETIVO: Identificar el conocimiento disponible sobre el proceso de recuperación de los niños hospitalizados y sus familias después del alta. MÉTODOS: Revisión integradora de la literatura en bases de datos nacionales e internacionales, con enfoque cualitativo de los datos. RESULTADOS: Los 16 artículos seleccionados pertenecientes a las revistas internacionales, fueron publicados entre 1990 y 2005, estos permitieron identificar los siguientes temas: manifestaciones biopsicosociales del niño y la familia; factores biopsicosociales relacionados con las manifestaciones del niño y la familia; beneficios del alta temprana del niño; y, necesidades de información y apoyo. CONCLUSIONES: Las intervenciones dirigidas al niño y la familia se deben iniciar durante la hospitalización con la finalidad de mejorar su capacidad enfrentamiento. Se concluye, que existe la necesidad de mejorar la investigación sobre este tema en los países en desarrollo, incluyendo la perspectiva de la familia como una unidad.OBJECTIVE: To identify the available knowledge about the process of recovery of hospitalized children and their families after discharge. METHODS: Integrative review of literature in databases - national and international - with a qualitative approach. RESULTS: The 16 selected articles belonging to international journals were published between 1990 and 2005; they allowed the identification of the following topics: biopsychosocial manifestations of the child and his family; Biopsychosocial factors related to the manifestations of the child and his family; benefits of early discharge of the child; and, information and support needed. CONCLUSIONS: The interventions focused on the child and his family should be started in the hospital check-in in order to improve their ability to cope with the situation. There is need to enhance research on this topic in developing countries, including the prospect of the family as a unit

To Each According to His Need? Variability in the Responses to Inequity in Nonhuman Primates

While it is well established that humans respond to inequity, it remains unclear the extent to which this behavior occurs in our nonhuman primate relatives. By comparing a variety of species, spanning from New World and Old World monkeys to great apes, scientists can begin to answer questions about how the response to inequity evolved, what the function of this response is, and why and how different contexts shape it. In particular, research across nonhuman primate species suggests that the response is quite variable across species, contexts and individuals. In this paper, we aim to review these differences in an attempt to identify and better understand the patterns that emerge from the existing data with the goal of developing directions for future research. To begin, we address the importance of considering socio-ecological factors in nonhuman primates in order to better understand and predict expected patterns of cooperation and aversion to inequity in different species, following which we provide a detailed analysis of the patterns uncovered by these comparisons. Ultimately, we use this synthesis to propose new ideas for research to better understand this response and, hence, the evolution of our own responses to inequity

Orientation in molecule-surface interactions

Heinzmann U, Holloway S, Kleyn AW, Palmer RE, Snowdon KJ. Orientation in molecule-surface interactions. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER. 1996;8(19):3245-3269.The role of the orientation of a molecule in its interaction with a surface is examined for a number of cases. At first the determination of the static orientation of a molecule at the surface is discussed. A dependence of the orientation on state and coverage is found for O-2 molecules adsorbed on Ag(110). The orientation dependence of NO in chemisorption, displacement reactions, and chemical reactions is discussed. Rotational excitation of NO in collisions with surfaces is shown to exhibit a strong orientation dependence. Dissociative chemisorption of hydrogen molecules is found to depend on the initial orientation of the molecule. Finally, in dissociative collisions of fast molecules with surfaces the role of the initial orientation is examined and the final orientation of the molecular axis is determined. Several mechanisms for molecular dissociation are discussed