225 research outputs found
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Transcranial Focused Ultrasound to the Right Prefrontal Cortex Improves Mood and Alters Functional Connectivity in Humans
Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is an emerging method for non-invasive neuromodulation akin to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). tFUS offers several advantages over electromagnetic methods including high spatial resolution and the ability to reach deep brain targets. Here we describe two experiments assessing whether tFUS could modulate mood in healthy human volunteers by targeting the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), an area implicated in mood and emotional regulation. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, participants received 30 s of 500 kHz tFUS or a placebo control. Visual Analog Mood Scales (VAMS) assessed mood four times within an hour (baseline and three times after tFUS). Participants who received tFUS reported an overall increase in Global Affect (GA), an aggregate score from the VAMS scale, indicating a positive shift in mood. Experiment 2 examined resting-state functional (FC) connectivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) following 2 min of 500 kHz tFUS at the rIFG. As in Experiment 1, tFUS enhanced self-reported mood states and also decreased FC in resting state networks related to emotion and mood regulation. These results suggest that tFUS can be used to modulate mood and emotional regulation networks in the prefrontal cortex
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Theta-Band Functional Connectivity and Single-Trial Cognitive Control in Sports-Related Concussion: Demonstration of Proof-of-Concept for a Potential Biomarker of Concussion
Objectives: This report examined theta-band neurodynamics for potential biomarkers of brain health in athletes with concussion. Methods: Participants included college-age contact/collision athletes with (N=24) and without a history of concussion (N=16) in Study 1. Study 2 (N=10) examined changes over time in contact/collision athletes. There were two primary dependent variables: (1) theta-band phase-synchronization (e.g., functional connectivity) between medial and right-lateral electrodes; and (2) the within-subject correlation between synchronization strength on error trials and post-error reaction time (i.e., operationalization of cognitive control). Results: Head injury history was inversely related with medial-lateral connectivity. Head injury was also related to declines in a neurobehavioral measure of cognitive control (i.e., the single-trial relationship between connectivity and post-error slowing). Conclusions: Results align with a theory of connectivity-mediated cognitive control. Mild injuries undetectable by behavioral measures may still be apparent on direct measures of neural functioning. This report demonstrates that connectivity and cognitive control measures may be useful for tracking recovery from concussion. Theoretically relevant neuroscientific findings in healthy adults may have applications in patient populations, especially with regard to monitoring brain health. (JINS 2019, 25, 314-323)National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA); Graduate and Professional Student Council of the University of ArizonaThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]
Frontal theta and posterior alpha in resting EEG: A critical examination of convergent and discriminant validity
Prior research has identified two resting EEG biomarkers with potential for predicting functional outcomes in depression: theta current density in frontal brain regions (especially rostral anterior cingulate cortex) and alpha power over posterior scalp regions. As little is known about the discriminant and convergent validity of these putative biomarkers, a thorough evaluation of these psychometric properties was conducted toward the goal of improving clinical utility of these markers. Resting 71‐channel EEG recorded from 35 healthy adults at two sessions (1‐week retest) were used to systematically compare different quantification techniques for theta and alpha sources at scalp (surface Laplacian or current source density [CSD]) and brain (distributed inverse; exact low resolution electromagnetic tomography [eLORETA]) level. Signal quality was evaluated with signal‐to‐noise ratio, participant‐level spectra, and frequency PCA covariance decomposition. Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed within a multitrait‐multimethod framework. Posterior alpha was reliably identified as two spectral components, each with unique spatial patterns and condition effects (eyes open/closed), high signal quality, and good convergent and discriminant validity. In contrast, frontal theta was characterized by one low‐variance component, low signal quality, lack of a distinct spectral peak, and mixed validity. Correlations between candidate biomarkers suggest that posterior alpha components constitute reliable, convergent, and discriminant biometrics in healthy adults. Component‐based identification of spectral activity (CSD/eLORETA‐fPCA) was superior to fixed, a priori frequency bands. Improved quantification and conceptualization of frontal theta is necessary to determine clinical utility.Magnitude of frontal theta (rostral ACC eLORETA source amplitude) and posterior alpha (spectral components of scalp current source density) at rest have been considered candidate EEG biomarkers of depression outcomes. Given inconsistent findings, we examined the discriminant and convergent validity of these measures in healthy adults. Unlike theta, two distinct alpha components constituted reliable, convergent, and discriminant biometrics. While results have marked implications for clinical utility, we make several recommendations for improving the psychometric properties of resting frontal theta.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153675/1/psyp13483.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153675/2/psyp13483_am.pd
Transcranial Focused Ultrasound to the Right Prefrontal Cortex Improves Mood and Alters Functional Connectivity in Humans
Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is an emerging method for non-invasive neuromodulation akin to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). tFUS offers several advantages over electromagnetic methods including high spatial resolution and the ability to reach deep brain targets. Here we describe two experiments assessing whether tFUS could modulate mood in healthy human volunteers by targeting the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), an area implicated in mood and emotional regulation. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, participants received 30 s of 500 kHz tFUS or a placebo control. Visual Analog Mood Scales (VAMS) assessed mood four times within an hour (baseline and three times after tFUS). Participants who received tFUS reported an overall increase in Global Affect (GA), an aggregate score from the VAMS scale, indicating a positive shift in mood. Experiment 2 examined resting-state functional (FC) connectivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) following 2 min of 500 kHz tFUS at the rIFG. As in Experiment 1, tFUS enhanced self-reported mood states and also decreased FC in resting state networks related to emotion and mood regulation. These results suggest that tFUS can be used to modulate mood and emotional regulation networks in the prefrontal cortex
Exile Vol. XLII No. 2
40th Year
Title Page i
Epigraph by Ezra Pound ii
Table of Contents ii
Editorial Board iii
frying fritters by Liz Bolyard \u2796 1
For Katherine by Carl Boon \u2796 1
poem paint by alex e blazer \u2797 2-3
Leftover Roses by Melissa Bostrom \u2796 4-12
O.J. (artwork) by Todd Gys \u2799 13
Untitled by Adrienne Fair \u2796 14-15
Hills by Liz Bolyard \u2796 16
A Serious Discussion with Ed Shim by Carl Boon \u2796 17
Untitled by David Kendall \u2796 18-19
Brave River by Nikole Hobbs \u2799 20-21
a wavy wail by alex e blazer \u2797 22-23
Misplaced by Tyler Smith \u2797 24
Imogene by Erin Lott \u2796 25-26
Why I can\u27t sleep at night by Colin Bossen \u2798 27
A Lovesong Never Realised by Matthew Rump \u2798 28
Contributors\u27 Notes 29-30
Special thanks to EPI Printing of Livonia, Michigan and Graphic Concepts Unlimited of Okemos, Michigan for helping to make this issue possible. -iii
Cover art The Longest Neck by Todd Gys -ii
Original research: Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder among employees of New York City companies affected by the september 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center
OBJECTIVE: Several studies have provided prevalence estimates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to the September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks in broadly affected populations, although without sufficiently addressing qualifying exposures required for assessing PTSD and estimating its prevalence. A premise that people throughout the New York City area were exposed to the attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) towers and are thus at risk for developing PTSD has important implications for both prevalence estimates and service provision. This premise has not, however, been tested with respect to DSM-IV-TR criteria for PTSD. This study examined associations between geographic distance from the 9/11 attacks on the WTC and reported 9/11 trauma exposures, and the role of specific trauma exposures in the development of PTSD. METHODS: Approximately 3 years after the attacks, 379 surviving employees (102 with direct exposures, including 65 in the towers, and 277 with varied exposures) recruited from 8 affected organizations were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule/Disaster Supplement and reassessed at 6 years. The estimated closest geographic distance from the WTC towers during the attacks and specific disaster exposures were compared with the development of 9/11–related PTSD as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. RESULTS: The direct exposure zone was largely concentrated within a radius of 0.1 mi and completely contained within 0.75 mi of the towers. PTSD symptom criteria at any time after the disaster were met by 35% of people directly exposed to danger, 20% of those exposed only through witnessed experiences, and 35% of those exposed only through a close associate’s direct exposure. Outside these exposure groups, few possible sources of exposure were evident among the few who were symptomatic, most of whom had preexisting psychiatric illness. CONCLUSIONS: Exposures deserve careful consideration among widely affected populations after large terrorist attacks when conducting clinical assessments, estimating the magnitude of population PTSD burdens, and projecting needs for specific mental health interventions
Exile Vol. XLII No. 1
40th Year
Title Page by Sakura Yamamoto \u2797 i
Epigraph by Ezra Pound ii
Table of Contents iii /
Untitled (artwork) by Gretchen Hambly \u2796 iv
Breughel Again, Brussels by Adrienne Fair \u2796 1
for play with whitman by alex e blazer \u2797 4
Saeta Sunday by Carl Boon \u2796 5
An Abbreviated Life by Mike Westmoreland 6
Anthem of Governor\u27s Bay by Jamey Hein \u2796 7-10
Time is everywhere, yet nowhere (artwork) by Susanne Ducker \u2796 11
Crosses by Liz Bolyard \u2796 12
Raccoons at the Cats\u27 Food by Jennifer Rudgers \u2796 13-14
Father Federico by Trish Klei \u2797 15
Dream Poem I by Colin Bossen \u2798 16
Virgin Mary in Kentucky by Amy Ard \u2796 17
the jig is up by alex e blazer \u2797 18-20
Visiting Uncle Ernie by Liz Bolyard \u2796 21-22
A Capuchin Monk by Linda Fuller-Smith 23
Sunday, October 15, 1995 by Carl Boon \u2796 24
Old Man and the Marriage Party by Trish Klei \u2797 25
Untitled (artwork) by Gretchen Hambly \u2796 26
Cowboy Up by J. Murdoch Be Matheson \u2796 27-34
Fragments by Colin Bossen \u2798 35
meditation (artwork) by alex e blazer \u2797 36
Palazzo Rezzonico by Linda Fuller-Smith 37
A Poem About The Photographic Imprint I Would Leave If A Nuclear Bomb Hit Nearby As I Took Out The Trash One Night by Trish Klei \u2797 38
The Crazies I\u27ve Called by Julie Johnston \u2796 39-46
Contributors\u27 Notes 47-48
Editorial Board 49
Editorial decisions are shared equally among the Editorial Board. -49
Cover art by alex emmons -4
Exile Vol. XLIII No. 2
41st Year
Title Page i
Epigraphy by Ezra Pound ii
Table of Contents iii / Contributors\u27 Notes 70-71
Editorial Board 72-73 ART Untitled by Kari Hernquist \u2799 4
Talking Out my Window by Heather Trabert \u2797 13
Renamed I by Ben Blake \u2797 18
photo paint by alex e. blazer \u2797 23
Butterfly by Mary Donnelley \u2797 32
unabridged by alex e. blazer \u2797 37
Holding Me In by Heather Trabert \u2797 43
Untitled by Kari Hernquist \u2797 55
Untitled by Camille Gammon-Hittelman \u2799 61
Stars by Mary Donnelley \u2797 69
POETRY
Victrola by erin c. malone \u2799 1
All by Kellam Ayres \u2797 2-3
curtailed sun in the net by alex e. blazer \u2797 5
the weaker sex by Bekah Taylor \u2700 6
A poem concerning a silent manifesto by Colin Bossen \u2798 14
Father by Alison Stine \u2700 15
Vacant by Sean Boyle \u2700 16
Ecstasy by Amy spears \u2798 17
Seven Haikus by Jen Suster \u2797 21
Pages from a Diary by Trish Klei \u2797 22
Watching an Ageless Woman and an Ancient Trade by Heather Trabert \u2797 24-25
Still Waters by Jay Brandeis \u2799 26
just shy of freedom by Sean Boyle \u2700 36
[Touch the mothers you never knew] by Heather Trabert \u2797 38
Fishing for Meaning by Bekah Taylor \u2700 39
the novel by Sara Brown \u2799 40-41
annihilation by erin c. malone \u2799 42
Upon Enlistment by Trish Klei \u2797 44
the expatriate by erin c. malone \u2799 47
Rockettes by Trish Klei \u2797 48-49
Abstraction by Colin Bossen \u2798 54
always kinesis by alex e. blazer \u2797 56-57
Lily by Alison Stine \u2700 58-59
Falling In by Bekah Taylor \u2700 60
this bird has flown by paul durica \u2700 62-63
exfoliating some sun by alex e. blazer \u2797 64
Liberation: May 8, 1945 by Jen suster \u2797 65
PROSE
Journal: 12 December 1996 through 15 January 1997 by Lynn Tramonte \u2798 7-12
Ash by paul durica \u2700 19-20
Birdhouse by Tyler Smith \u2797 27-35
Party in December by paul durica \u2700 45-46
Smoke Circles by Alison Stine \u2700 50-53
Seal by Lynn Tramonte \u2798 66-68
All submissions are reviewed on an anonymous basis, and all editorial decisions are shared equally among the members of the Editorial Board. -72
Cover art Toy Child by Ben Blake \u2797 -7
Real-Time Analysis of Alarm Pheromone Emission by the Pea Aphid (Acyrthosiphon Pisum) Under Predation
Upon attack by predators or parasitoids, aphids emit volatile chemical alarm signals that warn other aphids of a potential risk of predation. Release rate of the major constituent of the alarm pheromone in pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), (E)-ß-farnesene (EBF), was measured for all nymphal and the adult stage as aphids were attacked individually by lacewing (Chrysoperla carnae) larvae. Volatilization of EBF from aphids under attack was quantified continuously for 60 min at 2-min intervals with a rapid gas chromatography technique (zNose™) to monitor headspace emissions. After an initial burst, EBF volatilization declined exponentially, and detectable amounts were still present after 30 min in most cases. Total emission of EBF averaged 16.33 ± 1.54 ng and ranged from 1.18 to 48.85 ng. Emission was higher in nymphs as compared to adults. No differences between pea aphid life stages were detected for their speed of alarm signal emission in response to lacewing larvae attack. This is the first time that alarm pheromone emission from single aphids has been reported
Microcanonical rates, gap times, and phase space dividing surfaces
The general approach to classical unimolecular reaction rates due to Thiele
is revisited in light of recent advances in the phase space formulation of
transition state theory for multidimensional systems. We analyze in detail the
gap time distribution and associated reactant lifetime distribution for the
isomerization reaction HCN CNH. Both algebraic (power law)
and exponential decay regimes have been identified. Statistical estimates of
the isomerization rate are compared with the numerically determined decay rate.
Examination of the decay properties of subsensembles of trajectories that exit
the HCN well through either of 2 available symmetry related product channels
shows that the complete trajectory ensemble effectively attains the full
symmetry of the system phase space on a short timescale ps,
after which the product branching ratio is 1:1, the "statistical" value. At
intermediate times, this statistical product ratio is accompanied by
nonexponential (nonstatistical) decay. We point out close parallels between the
dynamical behavior inferred from the gap time distribution for HCN and
nonstatistical behavior recently identified in reactions of some organic
molecules.Comment: 44 pages, 9 figure
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