Energiebereitstellung und Energiebevorratung unter besonderer Berucksichtigung von Langzeitausdauerbelastungen

Trabalho final de mestrado integrado em Medicina (Urologia), apresentado á Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de CoimbraA litíase renal resulta de formações sólidas de cristais normalmente dissolvidos na urina. É uma patologia com uma incidência e prevalência crescentes, estimando-se que possa afectar 14.8% da população mundial e 1% da população trabalhadora por ano. Embora os factores genéticos influenciem o risco de desenvolver litíase renal, alterações a este nível surgem a um ritmo muito lento, sendo os factores ambientais os prováveis determinantes das alterações que se verificaram nos últimos anos. Cerca de 80% dos cálculos formados têm na sua constituição cálcio (principalmente oxalato de cálcio, mas também fosfato de cálcio), sendo os restantes constituídos por ácido úrico e outras substâncias. Visto que os cálculos de cálcio são maioritários, são também estes os mais estudados e sobre os quais há maior conhecimento e evidência. Esta patologia apresenta uma predilecção pelo sexo masculino e raça caucasóide, mas pode atingir qualquer indivíduo e o pico de incidência da patologia verifica-se entre os 40 e os 49 anos. Assim, esta patologia implica elevados custos e uma alta morbilidade e diminuição da qualidade de vida dos doentes. Neste contexto torna-se pertinente conhecer as melhores estratégias a utilizar na abordagem da patologia. Este artigo de revisão apresenta objectivos concretos: verificar se a profilaxia da litíase renal é uma estratégia viável e em que situações é adequada; e verificar quais os procedimentos e intervenção que devem ser utilizados nestes casos. Com base na bibliografia até à data disponível, este artigo conclui que a prevenção primária da litíase renal é viável se usada uma abordagem conservadora e deve ser utilizada em doentes que habitem áreas geográficas de risco. Tanto na prevenção primária como na prevenção secundária, as estratégias utilizadas devem ser baseadas nas características individuais da patologia de cada doente. A prevenção secundária é sempre uma 5 estratégia desejável e deve basear-se num estudo metabólico adequado. A terapêutica conservadora, nomeadamente intervenção no estilo de vida, na dieta e consumo de fluidos, está sempre indicada. Já a terapêutica farmacológica está indicada em caso de falência da terapia conservadora, em casos de má adesão à terapêutica por parte do doente ou em casos de uma maior severidade da patologia.Nephrolithiasis results from solid crystal formations normally dissolved in the urine. It is a disease with increasing incidence and prevalence and it is estimated that it could affect 14.8 % of the world’s population and 1 % of the working population per year. While genetic factors influence the risk of developing kidney stones, changes at this level arise at a very slow pace, so environmental factors are more likely the determinants of the changes that have occurred in recent years. About 80% of the stones are have in its constitution calcium (mainly calcium oxalate, but also calcium phosphate), the others are mainly formed by uric acid and other substances. Since the majority are calcium stones, these are also the most studied and about which there is greater knowledge and evidence. This disease has a predilection for the male sex and white race, but it can affect any individual and the peak incidence of the disease is between 40 and 49 years. Thus, this condition leads to high costs and morbidity and decreased quality of life for patients. In this context it is relevant to know the best strategies to use in the management of the pathology. This review article presents concrete objectives: to determine whether the prophilaxis of nephrolithiasis is a viable strategy and in what situations it is desirable; and to verify what procedures and intervention should be used in these cases. Based on the available literature data, this article concludes that the primary prevention of kidney stones is feasible if used a conservative approach and should be used in patients who inhabit geographic areas of risk. Both primary prevention and secondary prevention strategies used, should be based on the individual characteristics of each patient 's pathology. Secondary prevention is always a desirable strategy and should be based on a proper metabolic study. Conservative treatment, 7 including intervention in lifestyle, diet and fluid intake, is always appropriate. Pharmacological therapy is indicated in case of failure of conservative therapy, in cases of poor compliance by patients or in cases of greater severity of the disease

Belastungs Beanspruchungsprofil im Fussball aus physiologischer Sicht

Contains fulltext : mmubn000001_215791673.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)Promotor : K. WellensXV, 396 p

Association Between the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status and Physical Performance in Healthy Recreational Athletes

Molecular and clinical studies have linked vitamin D (vitD) deficiency to several aspects of muscle performance. For this retrospective cross-sectional study data from 297 male (M) and 284 female (F) healthy recreational athletes were used to evaluate the prevalence of vitD deficiency in athletes living in Austria and to determine whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) correlates with maximal (Pmax) and submaximal physical performance (Psubmax) measured on a treadmill ergometer. The data were controlled for age, season, weekly training hours (WTH), body mass index (BMI) and smoking status. 96 M and 75 F had 25(OH)D levels ≤ 20 ng/mL. 25(OH)D levels showed seasonal variations, but no seasonal differences in Pmax and Psubmax were detected. M with 25(OH)D levels ≤ 20 ng/mL had significantly lower Psubmax (p = 0.045) than those with normal levels. In F no significant differences in Pmax or Psubmax were detected. Stepwise multiple regression analysis including all covariates revealed significant correlations between 25(OH)D levels and Pmax (β = 0.138, p = 0.003) and Psubmax (β = 0.152, p = 0.002) in M. Interestingly, for F significant correlations between 25(OH)D and both Pmax and Psubmax disappeared after adding WTH to the model. In conclusion, our data suggest that 25(OH)D status is associated with physical performance especially in M, while in F, WTH and BMI seem to affect the correlation

A physiological profile of tennis match play

Memories, similar to the internal representation of space, can be recalled at different resolutions ranging from detailed events to more comprehensive, multi-event narratives. Single-cell recordings in rodents have suggested that different spatial scales are represented as a gradient along the hippocampal axis. We found that a similar organization holds for human episodic memory: memory representations systematically vary in scale along the hippocampal long axis, which may enable the formation of mnemonic hierarchies