How does the electromagnetic field couple to gravity, in particular to metric, nonmetricity, torsion, and curvature?

The coupling of the electromagnetic field to gravity is an age-old problem. Presently, there is a resurgence of interest in it, mainly for two reasons: (i) Experimental investigations are under way with ever increasing precision, be it in the laboratory or by observing outer space. (ii) One desires to test out alternatives to Einstein's gravitational theory, in particular those of a gauge-theoretical nature, like Einstein-Cartan theory or metric-affine gravity. A clean discussion requires a reflection on the foundations of electrodynamics. If one bases electrodynamics on the conservation laws of electric charge and magnetic flux, one finds Maxwell's equations expressed in terms of the excitation H=(D,H) and the field strength F=(E,B) without any intervention of the metric or the linear connection of spacetime. In other words, there is still no coupling to gravity. Only the constitutive law H= functional(F) mediates such a coupling. We discuss the different ways of how metric, nonmetricity, torsion, and curvature can come into play here. Along the way, we touch on non-local laws (Mashhoon), non-linear ones (Born-Infeld, Heisenberg-Euler, Plebanski), linear ones, including the Abelian axion (Ni), and find a method for deriving the metric from linear electrodynamics (Toupin, Schoenberg). Finally, we discuss possible non-minimal coupling schemes.Comment: Latex2e, 26 pages. Contribution to "Testing Relativistic Gravity in Space: Gyroscopes, Clocks, Interferometers ...", Proceedings of the 220th Heraeus-Seminar, 22 - 27 August 1999 in Bad Honnef, C. Laemmerzahl et al. (eds.). Springer, Berlin (2000) to be published (Revised version uses Springer Latex macros; Sec. 6 substantially rewritten; appendices removed; the list of references updated

Avaliação de um modelo de passo invariante na predição da estrutura de um povoamento de Eucalyptus sp. Evaluation of a step invariant model for the prediction of eucalyptus stand structure

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o modelo de distribuição diamétrica de passo invariante proposto por Guimarães (1994) na projeção da produção de um povoamento de Eucalyptus sp., simulando as alterações nas estruturas horizontal e vertical ao longo do tempo. Utilizaram-se dados da primeira rotação de povoamentos de eucalipto híbrido estaca (Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla), plantados no espaçamento 3,0 x 2,0 m, localizados na região noroeste do Estado da Bahia, provenientes de medições anuais com idade de medição variando entre 25 e 89 meses. Para realizar as prognoses, foram empregados percentis tomados a 50 e 75% da distribuição diamétrica e as alturas correspondentes aos diâmetros nessas posições. Verificou-se que o modelo de projeção é factível e pode ser utilizado com eficiência, já que ocorreram tendências semelhantes entre os volumes prognosticados e os observados nas parcelas. Além disso, devido à sua simplicidade e à compatibilidade dos resultados, recomenda-se a sua utilização na projeção do crescimento e produção de Eucalyptus sp.<br>This study was carried out to evaluate the step-invariant diametric distribution model, proposed by Guimarães (1994), for the prediction of a Eucalyptus stand production, simulating the alterations in the horizontal and vertical structures with time. Data were taken from annual measurements, with measurement age between 25 and 89 months, of the first rotation of hybrid eucalyptus stands (Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla), plant spacing of 3.0 x 2.0 m, located in the northeast region of State of Bahia. To perform prognoses percentiles were taken at 50 and 75% of the diametric distribution, and the heights corresponding to the diameters in these positions. The prediction model was proved to be feasible for efficient use, since there were similar tendencies between the forecasted and the observed volumes in the plots. Besides, its use in growth and production prediction of Eucalyptus sp. studies is recommended for its simplicity and result compatibility