EAS spectrum in the primary energy region above 10 to the 15th power eV by the Akeno and Yakutsk array data

The extensive air showers spectrum on scintillation desity Rko in primary energy region E sub approx. 10 to the 15th power - 10 to the 20th power eV on the Yakutsk array data and recent results of the Akeno is given

All particle energy spectrum of cosmic rays in 10 to the 15th power - 10 to the 20th power eV region

Average estimations of the shower energy components are presented and their sum gives E sub 0 (Rho sub 600) - an average function of the relation of E sub 0 with the shower size parameter Rho sub 600 measured at the Yakutsk extensive air showers (EAS) array. Using this relation to the EAS spectrum obtained at the Akeno and Yakutsk arrays the energy spectrum of the cosmic ray total flux within 15 lg (E sub 0,eV) 20 by the EAS methods is recovered

Fluctuations of development maximum depth and nuclear composition of primary cosmic radiation

The extensive air showers (EAS) cascade curves from the Cerenkov light lateral distribution measurements are recovered and the maximum depth fluctuations of the shower development theta x sub m both on the Cerenkov and charged EAS components are defined. At E sub 0 approximates 10 to the 18th power eV the mean content of protons is greater than 85%, and p-air cross section theta sub 0 p-air 750mb

Measuring extensive air showers with Cherenkov light detectors of the Yakutsk array: The energy spectrum of cosmic rays

The energy spectrum of cosmic rays in the range 10^15 eV to 6*10^19 eV has been studied using the air Cherenkov light detectors of the Yakutsk array. The total flux of photons produced by relativistic electrons (including positrons as well, hereafter) of extensive air showers in the atmosphere is used as the energy estimator of the primary particle initiating a shower. The resultant differential flux of cosmic rays exhibits, in accordance with previous measurements, a knee and ankle features at energies 3*10^15 and ~10^19 eV, respectively. A comparison of observational data with simulations is made in the knee and ankle regions in order to choose the models of galactic and extragalactic components of cosmic rays which describe better the energy spectrum measured.Comment: 27 pages, 22 figures, accepted for publication in New Journal of Physics (Focus Issue

О.И. Глазова и ее вклад в развитие отечественной неотложной клинической токсикологии

The biography of Olga Ivanovna Glazova, doctor of medical sciences, honored doctor of the RSFSR, member of the Scientific Council of the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute, is an example of an exceptionally successful diversification of scientific activity, both in the field of cardiology and clinical toxicology, which is the new direction of Russian medicine.There are suggestions in the works of O.I. Glazova similar to modern ideas of acute poisonings (AP), as confirmed by later publications in this field. The pathogenetic approach to the study of AP was considered by O.I. Glazova from the perspective of the teachings of I.P. Pavlov about the body as a single entity, and the action of the poison hypothetically dependent on its concentration in the blood. She emphasized the need for the early removal of poison from the body to prevent the adverse course of poisoning. The role of antidote therapy as an example of a detoxification approach to the treatment of AP was noted, while antidotes for parenteral administration were recommended in order to increase the effectiveness of detoxification.Some thoughts were expressed about the dependence of the toxic effects of poisons on physical and chemical properties, as well as similar ideas about the quantitative measure of poisoning, selective and situational toxicity, the presence of concentration, space and temporal factors in the pathogenesis of poisoning. The systematization of the AP was presented.Thus, O.I. Glazova made a significant contribution to the study of AP thanks to her enthusiasm, constant creative eagerness and high professional competence, which contributed to a significant growth the role of representatives of the emergency medical clinic in AP treatment, and in turn positively affected the regularity and quality of further research in this area.Authors declare lack of the conflicts of interests.Творческая биография доктора медицинских наук заслуженного врача РСФСР, члена Ученого совета НИИ СП им. Н.В. Склифосовского Ольги Ивановны Глазовой — пример исключительно удачной диверсификации научной деятельности как в области кардиологии, так и нового направления отечественной медицины — неотложной клинической токсикологии.В работах О.И. Глазовой высказываются суждения, созвучные современным представлениям об острых отравлениях (ОО), что подтверждается более поздними публикациями в этой области. Патогенетический подход к изучению ОО рассматривается О.И. Глазовой с позиции учения И.П. Павлова об организме как едином целом, а действие яда гипотетически ставится в зависимость от его концентрации в крови. Особо подчеркивается необходимость скорейшего выведения яда из организма для предупреждения неблагоприятного течения отравления. Отмечена роль антидотной терапии как примера детоксикационного подхода к лечению ОО, при этом в целях повышения эффективности детоксикации рекомендованы антидоты для парентерального введения.Высказаны мысли о зависимости токсического действия ядов от их физико-химических свойств, а также сходные с представлениями о количественной мере отравлений, избирательной и ситуационной токсичности, наличии концентрационного, пространственного и временного факторов в патогенезе отравлений. Представлена собственная систематизация ОО.Таким образом, О.И. Глазовой благодаря ее энтузиазму, постоянному творческому горению и высокой профессиональной компетенции внесен существенный вклад в изучение ОО, что в немалой степени способствовало значительному возрастанию роли в этом представителей неотложной терапевтической клиники и в свою очередь положительно повлияло на систематичность и качество дальнейших исследований в данной области.Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов

Challenges of beta-deformation

A brief review of problems, arising in the study of the beta-deformation, also known as "refinement", which appears as a central difficult element in a number of related modern subjects: beta \neq 1 is responsible for deviation from free fermions in 2d conformal theories, from symmetric omega-backgrounds with epsilon_2 = - epsilon_1 in instanton sums in 4d SYM theories, from eigenvalue matrix models to beta-ensembles, from HOMFLY to super-polynomials in Chern-Simons theory, from quantum groups to elliptic and hyperbolic algebras etc. The main attention is paid to the context of AGT relation and its possible generalizations.Comment: 20 page

Update on the Combined Analysis of Muon Measurements from Nine Air Shower Experiments

Over the last two decades, various experiments have measured muon densities in extensive air showers over several orders of magnitude in primary energy. While some experiments observed differences in the muon densities between simulated and experimentally measured air showers, others reported no discrepancies. We will present an update of the meta-analysis of muon measurements from nine air shower experiments, covering shower energies between a few PeV and tens of EeV and muon threshold energies from a few 100 MeV to about 10GeV. In order to compare measurements from different experiments, their energy scale was cross-calibrated and the experimental data has been compared using a universal reference scale based on air shower simulations. Above 10 PeV, we find a muon excess with respect to simulations for all hadronic interaction models, which is increasing with shower energy. For EPOS-LHC and QGSJet-II.04 the significance of the slope of the increase is analyzed in detail under different assumptions of the individual experimental uncertainties

ЛЕЧЕНИЕ BRAFV600E-ПОЗИТИВНОГО АНАПЛАСТИЧЕСКОГО РАКА ЩИТОВИДНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ. КЛИНИЧЕСКОЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЕ

Anaplastic thyroid cancer is one of the most aggressive and fatal human carcinomas. A significant experience in using various kinase inhibitors for anaplastic thyroid cancer therapy has been accumulated worldwide. The most encouraging results were obtained after using a combination of b-Raf and MEK kinase inhibitors (vemurafenib/dabrafenib and trametinib/cobimetinib, respectively) for the treatment of the unresectable BRAFV600E-positive anaplastic thyroid cancer. This drug combination makes it possible to perform surgery followed by chemoradiotherapy and other targeted therapies. Here we report a clinical case of anaplastic thyroid cancer in a 69-year-old woman, who was treated with neoadjuvant targeted therapy. The treatment was carried out on the basis of three medical institutions: the National Medical Research Radiological Centre (Moscow), the N.I. Pirogov Clinic of Advanced Medical Technologies (St. Petersburg) and the Endocrinology Research Center (Moscow). Since there is still no universal protocol for treating ATC patients, and only palliative therapy is used in most cases, we emphasized on diagnostic and treatment errors of this disease. Special attention was paid to the importance of using molecular diagnostics and modern medical imaging technologies.Анапластический рак щитовидной железы (АРЩЖ) является одной из самых агрессивных и фатальных карцином человека. В мире накоплен опыт системной терапии анапластического рака щитовидной железы различными ингибиторами киназ. Наиболее обнадеживающие результаты получены при использовании комбинации b-Raf и MEK киназных ингибиторов (вемурафениб/дабрафениб и траметиниб/ кобиметиниб соответственно) для терапии нерезектабельного BRAFV600E-позитивного анапластического рака щитовидной железы. По данным литературы, при использовании этой комбинации в качестве неоадъювантной терапии для нерезектабельных опухолей становится возможным проведение дальнейшего хирургического лечения с последующей послеоперационной таргетной терапией и дистанционной лучевой терапией. В статье описан клинический случай АРЩЖ с применением неоадъювантной таргетной терапии. Лечение проводилось на базе трех медицинских учреждений: НМИЦ радиологии (г. Москва), Клиники высоких медицинских технологий им. Н.И. Пирогова (г. Санкт-Петербург) и НМИЦ эндокринологии (г. Москва). Акцент сделан на учете ошибок при диагностике и лечении данного диагно- за, так как до сих пор не существует универсального протокола его лечения, а в большинстве случаев возможно проведение только паллиативной терапии. Особое внимание уделено важности применения молекулярной диагностики и современных технологий медицинской визуализации.