THE CONTRIBUTION OF NURSES IN THE PREVENTION, CONTROL AND COMBAT OF LYMPHEDEMA IN BREAST CARCINOMA - INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

Introduction. Breast cancer (breast cancer) is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignant diseases and among the leading causes of death in women worldwide. This defines it as a disease of great medico-social significance, involving more and more the world scientific community. Along with its medical and socioeconomic psychosocial consequences, patients often develop lymphedema, which is one of the most severe complications after breast cancer treatment.The aim of the present study is to investigate the contribution and functions of the nurse in the process of prevention, control and fight against lymphedema, in mammary gland carcinoma, based on the existing international scientific evidence.Materials and methods. A documentary method was applied. Information retrieved from publications found through a Pubmed search with keywords: prevention, control, lymphedema, breast carcinoma, internationalexperience, nurses, patients, was examined. Information from bibliographic references, specialized literature, statistical data from international and national organizations related to the prevention and treatment of oncological diseases, regulatory documents was also studied.Results and discussion. The analysis of the scientific literature emphasizes the role of the nurse in the prevention of lymphedema, not only as a health professional acting in collaboration with the medical staff, but above all as a professional responsible for the care and education of the patient. This allows nurses to maketheir important contribution to the prevention, control and fight against lymphedema in breast cancer, by identifying patients at high risk of developing lymphedema, implementing the necessary preventive measures, planning and evaluating long-term patient care with mild lymphedema, psychological support, health education and information.Conclusion. Nurses occupy an important place and have a key role in the process of prevention and fight against lymphedema in breast cancer, performing their main functions. They make their high contribution in protecting, maintaining and restoring the health of individuals and their families, taking part in this important process

Could atmospheric carbon be driving sedimentation?

Purpose The objective of this study was to provide insights into the most recent responses of sediments to climate change and their capability to sequester atmospheric carbon (C). Methods Three sediment cores were collected, one from the western Black Sea, and two from the southern Adriatic Sea. Cores were extruded and sectioned into 1 cm or 0.5 cm intervals. Sections were frozen, weighed, freeze-dried, and then weighed again to obtain dry weights. Freeze-dried samples were dated by using lead 210 (Pb-210) and cesium 137/ americium 241 (Cs-137/Am-241). Organic and inorganic C were determined by combustion. Particle size distribution was determined using a Beckman Coulter particle size analyzer (LS 13,320; Beckman Coulter Inc.). Mineralogical analyses were carried out by a Philips X'Pert powder diffractometer. Results Sedimentation and organic and inorganic C accumulation rates increased with time in both the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea. The increase in accumulation rates continued after the global introduction in the early 1970s of controls on the release of phosphorus (P) into the environment and despite the reduced sediment yield of major rivers (Po and Danube). Therefore, the increased accumulation of organic and inorganic C in the sediments cannot be assigned only to nutrient availability. Instead, we suggest that the increase in organic C is the consequence of the increase in atmospheric C, which has made more carbon dioxide (CO2) available to phytoplankton, thus enabling more efficient photosynthesis. This process known as CO2 fertilization may increase the organic C accumulation in sediments. Simultaneously, the increase of sea temperatures decreases the calcite solubility resulting in increases of the inorganic C accumulation. Conclusion Our results suggest that long-term, general increases in accumulation rates of organic and inorganic C in sediments are the consequence of increases in atmospheric C. This shows that coastal sediments play an important role in C uptake and thus in regulating the Earth's climate.Croatian Science Foundation-Youth Careers Development Project [ESF-DOK-1-2018]; Croatian Science Foundation [IP-01-2018]AV acknowledges the support of the Croatian Science Foundation-Youth Careers Development Project (ESF-DOK-1-2018). JO and TK acknowledge the support of the Croatian Science Foundation project IP-01-2018

Could atmospheric carbon be driving sedimentation?

Purpose: The objective of this study was to provide insights into the most recent responses of sediments to climate change and their capability to sequester atmospheric carbon (C). Methods: Three sediment cores were collected, one from the western Black Sea, and two from the southern Adriatic Sea. Cores were extruded and sectioned into 1 cm or 0.5 cm intervals. Sections were frozen, weighed, freeze-dried, and then weighed again to obtain dry weights. Freeze-dried samples were dated by using lead 210 (210Pb) and cesium 137/ americium 241 (137Cs/241Am). Organic and inorganic C were determined by combustion. Particle size distribution was determined using a Beckman Coulter particle size analyzer (LS 13,320; Beckman Coulter Inc.). Mineralogical analyses were carried out by a Philips X’Pert powder diffractometer. Results: Sedimentation and organic and inorganic C accumulation rates increased with time in both the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea. The increase in accumulation rates continued after the global introduction in the early 1970s of controls on the release of phosphorus (P) into the environment and despite the reduced sediment yield of major rivers (Po and Danube). Therefore, the increased accumulation of organic and inorganic C in the sediments cannot be assigned only to nutrient availability. Instead, we suggest that the increase in organic C is the consequence of the increase in atmospheric C, which has made more carbon dioxide (CO2) available to phytoplankton, thus enabling more efficient photosynthesis. This process known as CO2 fertilization may increase the organic C accumulation in sediments. Simultaneously, the increase of sea temperatures decreases the calcite solubility resulting in increases of the inorganic C accumulation. Conclusion: Our results suggest that long-term, general increases in accumulation rates of organic and inorganic C in sediments are the consequence of increases in atmospheric C. This shows that coastal sediments play an important role in C uptake and thus in regulating the Earth’s climate