Caries and its risk factors in young children in five different countries

The state of oral health plays an essential role in human comprehensive health. Nevertheless, although considerable improvement in oral health caries has been noted in both developed and newly developing countries, caries is still widespread among children. Although it can be monitored, caries cannot be properly eliminated. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This investigation, performed in cooperation with Jena Hospital in Germany, was conducted in five countries from 2002-2008. The cities Riga (Latvia), Ouro Preto (Brazil), Erfurt (Germany), Volgograd (Russia) and Minsk (Belorus) were engaged in this investigation. Children at the age of 26-34 months were surveyed. Consistent with the research design, the mothers filled out questionnaires about the children's health, and an examination of the children's oral health was performed. The statistics program SPSS 15.0 was used to analyze the obtained data, and the correlations between changing findings were expressed by the Spearmen rank correlation coefficient (r). RESULTS. In this study, 472 children were observed: 179 from Riga, 152 from Erfurt, 62 from Ouru Preto, 116 from Minsk and 84 from Volgograd. A direct correlation existed between the country and plaque (r=0.16) and caries (dmft) (r=-0.11). The direct correlation between dmft and Streptococcus mutans (r=-0.36) was characteristic of children from Erfurt. The lowest dmft index (0.62) was present in children from Erfurt, and the highest (1.57) in children from Ouro Preto. CONCLUSIONS. The frequency and prevalence of caries in young children in Riga is high; it was the lowest in Erfurt and the highest - in Brazil. Plaque and dt were one of the indices with a direct relationship in Riga, Brazil and Minsk. Poor oral hygiene, irregular tooth brushing and the consumption of cariogenic foods and drinks are the most important caries risk factors among children at the age of 2-3 years. The mother's knowledge and attitude affect the child's oral health.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Latvijas auglu koku un ogulaju ilustreta skirnu kataloga sagatavosana izdosanai

Available from Latvian Academic Library / LAL - Latvian Academic LibrarySIGLEMinistry of Agriculture of the Republic of Latvia, Riga (Latvia)LVLatvi

Intensivas auglkopibas rokasgramata

Available from Latvian Academic Library / LAL - Latvian Academic LibrarySIGLEMinistry of Agriculture of the Republic of Latvia, Riga (Latvia)LVLatvi

"Auglkopibas rokasgramatas" sagatavosanas uzsaksana

Available from Latvian Academic Library / LAL - Latvian Academic LibrarySIGLEMinistry of Agriculture of the Republic of Latvia, Riga (Latvia)LVLatvi

Risks and returns in strawberry, raspberry and cherry production with various methods

Horticultural production in Latvia has always been subject to numerous and diverse risks similar to other branches of crop plant production in Latvia. On the other hand, the climate of Latvia is favourable for plant crop growing but the value of production depends on climatic condition as well as field management and competence of the farmers. The markets of inputs used in strawberry, raspberry, and cherry farming have a direct impact on risks through unexpected rise in prices. Similarly, returns from horticultural outputs are affected by high volatility of fresh farm produce markets. Besides that, growers face the inevitable yield risks induced by adverse weather conditions, pests, and diseases. There are a few systems used in production of strawberries, raspberries, and cherries - extensive and intensive growing both in open and covered areas. These methods vary by the level of risks and necessary investments. The production of berries and stone fruit in areas covered by polyethylene tunnels is expanding. The tunnel method of production provides better climatic conditions and reduces the damage by pests and diseases, thus, contributing to a longer and more predictable shelf life of the fruit. Production in tunnels extend the harvest season. High tunnels, in turn, can advance harvest dates earlier. Beyond the normal season, there is less competition and producer prices can be set higher. The aim of the study is the assessment of general risks in strawberry, raspberry, and cherry production, risks in production with various methods at farm level and evaluation of the tradeoffs among farming risks and expected returns

The effectiveness and safety of cariprazine in schizophrenia patients with negative symptoms and insufficient effectiveness of previous antipsychotic therapy : An observational study

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. All rights reserved.The aim of the study was to examine the effectiveness and safety of cariprazine in routine psychiatric settings on schizophrenia patients with negative symptoms who have been treated with antipsychotics previously but without sufficient success. This was an open-label, flexible-dose, 16-week, observational study in Latvia. The primary outcome measure was an array of anamnesis-based clinical questions on schizophrenia symptoms rated on a seven-point scale. Other outcome measurements were the clinical global impression improvement (CGI-I) and severity (CGI-S) scales. Safety parameters included spontaneous reports of adverse events and specific assessments of extrapyramidal side-effects. A mixed model for repeated measures was fit to the data to evaluate the mean change from baseline for all visits. A total of 116 patients enrolled in the study (completion: 83%). Change from baseline to termination in symptom control was statistically significant (-7.3; P < 0.001), with the most improvement in negative symptoms (-6.3; P < 0.001). Over 70% of patients improved minimally or much based on the CGI-I scores at the final visit, and the CGI-S scores indicated an overall improvement in severity from moderately to mildly ill. 40% of patients experienced treatment-emergent adverse events. Over 70% of doctors were satisfied with the effectiveness and tolerability of cariprazine. Cariprazine significantly improved negative symptoms in schizophrenia patients.Peer reviewe

Synthesis and Studies of Amphiphilic Self-Assembling 1,4-Didydropyridines Containing Conjugated Moieties

Synthesis of new cationic amphiphilic 1,4-DHP derivatives containing styrylpyridinium moieties, studies of self-assembling, fluorescent and antioxidant properties of new structural analogues