Academic mobility of Russian scientists: from “brain drain” to “brain circulation” model

Academic mobility is one of the key directions of development of intellectual potential and realization of professional opportunities of both youth and highly qualified specialists, scientists and teachers. This category of the population is the intellectual potential of the country, able to carry out an “innovative breakthrough” of the economy, able to act as a mechanism for strengthening the integration processes in the Eurasian space (within the EAEU and SCO), as well as to become a certain reserve for the demographic development of some Russian regions. The term “circulation of minds” is defined, which has become increasingly used in relation to the emigration of specialists from Russia. The circulation of minds implies that the migration of highly skilled professionals and scientists follows the movement of capital and projects, is temporary and returnable. The concept of “academic mobility” is specified and its key characteristics are given. The evaluation of the implementation of international programs to promote academic mobility, including such programs as Erasmus Mundus, DAAD, Tempus, Fulbright Program, etc., which allow participating countries to obtain positive socio-economic, scientific and demographic effects. Unfortunately, this potential of educational migration is not fully realized in Russia. In addition, the Russian science lacks the necessary amount of scientific research on the problems of academic mobility, which is largely due to the negative “color” of educational migration in the country, due to the significant attention to the problem of “brain drain”. Nevertheless, in our opinion, Russia has enormous unrealized potential and unique opportunities for the development of academic mobility. In conclusion, there are proposals for the formation of Russia’s policy in relation to the development of academic mobility, maintaining a positive trend to attract highly skilled migrants from near and far abroad, but also for the further development of forms of academic mobility

STUDENT SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPECTATIONS FROM STUDYING IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION: SATISFACTION DEGREE AND IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION

O objetivo do estudo é analisar a implementação das expectativas dos alunos de estudar na Universidade. O método principal para o estudo desse problema é o método do questionário, que permite o estudo mais qualitativo e aprofundado das expectativas dos jovens em relação ao ensino superior. É revelado que os problemas existentes têm um impacto negativo na atitude dos alunos em relação à sua instituição educacional e, consequentemente, reduzir sua imagem aos olhos dos futuros alunos e do público em geral. Os dados obtidos neste trabalho podem ser utilizados nas áreas de psicologia da educação, psicologia da idade, psicologia social, pedagogia, sociologia, bem como para o desenvolvimento teórico adicional desta questão.El objetivo del estudio es analizar la implementación de las expectativas de los estudiantes al estudiar en la Universidad. El método principal para el estudio de este problema es el método del cuestionario, que permite el estudio más cualitativo y profundo de las expectativas de los jóvenes en relación con la educación superior. Se revela que los problemas existentes tienen un impacto negativo. sobre la actitud de los estudiantes hacia su institución educativa y, en consecuencia, reducir su imagen ante los futuros estudiantes y el público en general. Los datos obtenidos en este trabajo pueden utilizarse en psicología de la educación, psicología de la edad, psicología social, pedagogía, sociología, así como para un mayor desarrollo teórico de este tema.The aim of the study is to analyze the implementation of students' expectations from studying at the University. The leading method for the study of this problem is the method of the questionnaire, which allows the most qualitative and in-depth study of the expectations of young people in relation to higher education.. It is revealed that the existing problems have a negative impact on the attitude of students to their educational institution and, consequently, reduce its image in the eyes of future students and the public as a whole. The data obtained in this work can be used in the psychology of education, age psychology, social psychology, pedagogy, sociology, as well as for further theoretical development of this issue

Outcomes of Unmanipulated Haploidentical Transplantation Using Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy) in Pediatric Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

HLA-haploidentical transplantation (haplo-HCT) using post-transplantation-cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy) is a feasible procedure in children with malignancies. However, large studies on Haplo-HCT with PT-Cy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are lacking. We analyzed haplo-HCT outcomes in 180 children with ALL. Median age was 9 years, and median follow-up was 2.7 years. Disease status was CR1 for 24%, CR2 for 45%, CR+3 for 12%, and active disease for 19%. All patients received PT-Cy day +3 and +4. Bone marrow (BM) was the stem cell source in 115 patients (64%). Cumulative incidence of 42-day engraftment was 88.9%. Cumulative incidence of day-100 acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) grade II-IV was 28%, and 2-year chronic GVHD was 21.9%. At 2 years, cumulative incidence of nonrelapse mortality (NRM) was 19.6%. Cumulative incidence was 41.9% for relapse and 25% for patients in CR1. Estimated 2-year leukemia free survival was 65%, 44%, and 18.8% for patients transplanted in CR1, CR2, CR3+ and 3% at 1 year for active disease. In multivariable analysis for patients in CR1 and CR2, disease status (CR2 [hazard ratio {HR} = 2.19; P = .04]), age at HCT older than 13 (HR = 2.07; P = .03) and use of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) (HR = 1.98; P = .04) were independent factors associated with decreased overall survival. Use of PBSC was also associated with higher NRM (HR = 3.13; P = .04). Haplo-HCT with PT-Cy is an option for children with ALL, namely those transplanted in CR1 and CR2. Age and disease status remain the most important factors for outcomes. BM cells as a graft source is associated with improved survival

Нарушение минерализации костей после аллогенной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток у детей: одноцентровое когортное исследование

Bone mineral metabolism disorders are one of the most frequent late complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children.The aim of the study was to detect the incidence and risk factors for bone mineral metabolism disorders in children who underwent allogeneic HSCT.Methods. We analyzed the data of medical charts of 294 children aged 0–17 y.o. who were hospitalized in 1994–2011, received  allogeneic HSCT, and survived for at least a year after intervention.  We determined the cumulative incidence and revealed risk factors for the development of osteopenia/osteoporosis and avascular necrosis.  Osteopenia/ osteoporosis was diagnosed after X-ray examination and annual computer X-ray osteodensitometry of the lumbar spine (during a 5-year period since 2003). The criteria for osteopenia is  bone density z-score 2.0, for osteoporosis — z-score 2.0 and  suffered fractures of the bones of the legs, compression fractures of  the spine and / or 2 fractures of the tubular bones of the hands (for both diagnoses). Avascular necrosis was diagnosed  radiographically and basing on magnetic resonance imaging results  (if there were complaints of pain or limb dysfunctions).Results. After the allogeneic HSCT during the median follow-up of 7.5 years bone mineral metabolism disorders developed in 48  patient (16%). Osteopenia / osteoporosis development was  associated with the following factors: the age 10 years (frequency  23.2% vs. 12% in children under 10 years, p = 0.014), acute graft- versus-host disease (GVHD) grade II–IV (24.2 vs 8.7% at GVHD  grade 0–I; p = 0.001), chronic GVHD (36.0% in extensive form vs.  14.5% in restricted form and 8.4% in the absence of chronic GVHD; p<0.001), immunosuppressive therapy >12 months (31.9 vs. 6.9% for therapy <3 months; p<0.001), glucocorticosteroid intake >3  months (93.8 vs 8.1% with GCs administration 3 months and 3.2% without GCs administration; p<0.001).Conclusion. Bone mineral metabolism disorders are revealed in 16% of cases in children who underwent HSCT. Determination of risk factors provides the possibility for timely diagnostics and improvement of therapy results.Нарушения костного минерального обмена являются поздними осложнениями аллогенной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (ТГСК) у детей.Цель исследования — определить частоту и факторы риска нарушений костного минерального обмена у детей после аллогенной ТГСК.Методы. Использовали данные, извлеченные из медицинской документации (истории  болезни, амбулаторные карты) детей (0–17 лет), госпитализированных в 1994–2011 гг. и  проживших минимум 1 год после аллогенной ТГСК. Определяли кумулятивную (до мая 2017  г.) частоту и факторы риска развития остеопении, остеопороза и аваскулярных некрозов.  Остеопению/остеопороз устанавливали рентгенологически (1994–2002 гг.) и по результатам ежегодной (на протяжении 5 лет начиная с 2003 г.) компьютерной рентгеновской  остеоденситометрии поясничного отдела позвоночника. Критерии остеопении — z-score  плотности костной ткани 2,0, остеопороза — z-score 2,0 и перенесенные переломы  костей ног, компрессионные переломы позвоночника и/или 2 переломов трубчатых костей  рук. Аваскулярные некрозы устанавливали (при наличии жалоб на боли или нарушения  функций конечностей) рентгенологически и по данным магнитно-резонансной томографии.Результаты. Нарушения костного минерального обмена в течение (медиана) 7,5 (6; 9) лет  развились у 48 (16%) из 294 детей, перенесших аллогенную ТГСК. С развитием остеопении/ остеопороза были ассоциированы возраст 10 лет (частота 23,2% против 12% у детей  младше 10 лет; р=0,014), острая реакция «трансплантат против хозяина» (РТПХ) II–IV  стадии (24,2 против 8,7% при РТПХ 0–I стадии; р=0,001), хроническая РТПХ (36,0% при  экстенсивной форме против 14,5% при ограниченной форме и 8,4% при отсутствии  хронической РТПХ; р<0,001), иммуносупрессивная терапия >12 мес (31,9 против 6,9% при  длительности <3 мес; р<0,001), прием глюкокортикостероидов >3 мес (93,8 против 8,1% при приеме 3 мес и 3,2% без терапии; р<0,001).Заключение. Нарушения костного минерального обмена встречаются в 16% случаев после  аллогенной ТГСК у детей, определение факторов риска их развития позволяет проводить своевременную диагностику и улучшать результаты терапии

Stem cell transplantation for congenital dyserythropoietic anemia : an analysis from the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation

Non peer reviewe

Ethnic phrasal units with the component-linguanym in modern national languages

This article is devoted to the analysis of phraseological units of the national languages of the world, which include linguanisms (glottonysms), i.e. names of languages. Phrasal units with a component-linguanym designating their own language, symbolize, as a rule, clarity and rationality: comp. fr.enbonfranęais (lit. in good French; descriptor: clear, easy to understand) with the component PU-lingvuanym designating other languages, act as a reference of something obscure, difficult, unintelligible, for example, fr. c’estduchinois (lit. Chinese; handle: it is not clear, it is difficult). The authors identified factors that play a significant role in the selection of linguanym functioning as a part of PU, as a symbol of complex language. Among them, first of all: a mark that is different from their native language to be used in a particular community (Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic script, hieroglyphics, and the writing direction from left to right/from right to left), closeness and inaccessibility of scholars community of any language community, historical coexistence of different peoples and countries, exoticism language is perceived with the exoticism of ethnic style in clothing

Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and XIAP Gene Expression in the Placenta: Exploring the Causes of Spontaneous Preterm Labour

A better understanding of the pathogenesis of preterm birth (PTB) will allow us to lower the PTB rate, reducing perinatal morbidity and mortality. This article presents the hypothesis that premature placenta apoptosis could be a potential cause of PTB. We evaluated gene expression involved in apoptosis: caspase-3, caspase-8, and XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis) in the placenta during pregnancy (n = 41), at the onset of preterm labour (n = 42), after preterm (n = 44) and term (n = 32) labour. We used RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and PCR. During pregnancy the gene expression of caspase-3 and caspase-8 is low, but XIAP is higher than the caspases. At the onset of preterm labour, we observed a significantly increased expression of both caspase-8 (10.7-fold, p p p < 0.05) compared with expression during pregnancy. Our study showed that during pregnancy, the expression of caspase genes in the placenta is low and probably controlled by high XIAP expression. At the onset of preterm labour, the expression of caspase genes increases sharply. This may initiate the onset of preterm labour

Bone Mineral Turnover after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Children: A Single Center Cohort Study

Bone mineral metabolism disorders are one of the most frequent late complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children.The aim of the study was to detect the incidence and risk factors for bone mineral metabolism disorders in children who underwent allogeneic HSCT.Methods. We analyzed the data of medical charts of 294 children aged 0–17 y.o. who were hospitalized in 1994–2011, received  allogeneic HSCT, and survived for at least a year after intervention.  We determined the cumulative incidence and revealed risk factors for the development of osteopenia/osteoporosis and avascular necrosis.  Osteopenia/ osteoporosis was diagnosed after X-ray examination and annual computer X-ray osteodensitometry of the lumbar spine (during a 5-year period since 2003). The criteria for osteopenia is  bone density z-score 2.0, for osteoporosis — z-score 2.0 and  suffered fractures of the bones of the legs, compression fractures of  the spine and / or 2 fractures of the tubular bones of the hands (for both diagnoses). Avascular necrosis was diagnosed  radiographically and basing on magnetic resonance imaging results  (if there were complaints of pain or limb dysfunctions).Results. After the allogeneic HSCT during the median follow-up of 7.5 years bone mineral metabolism disorders developed in 48  patient (16%). Osteopenia / osteoporosis development was  associated with the following factors: the age 10 years (frequency  23.2% vs. 12% in children under 10 years, p = 0.014), acute graft- versus-host disease (GVHD) grade II–IV (24.2 vs 8.7% at GVHD  grade 0–I; p = 0.001), chronic GVHD (36.0% in extensive form vs.  14.5% in restricted form and 8.4% in the absence of chronic GVHD; p&lt;0.001), immunosuppressive therapy &gt;12 months (31.9 vs. 6.9% for therapy &lt;3 months; p&lt;0.001), glucocorticosteroid intake &gt;3  months (93.8 vs 8.1% with GCs administration 3 months and 3.2% without GCs administration; p&lt;0.001).Conclusion. Bone mineral metabolism disorders are revealed in 16% of cases in children who underwent HSCT. Determination of risk factors provides the possibility for timely diagnostics and improvement of therapy results

Bone Marrow Transplantation for Fanconi Anemia Using Fludarabine-Based Conditioning

In the mid-1990s, we introduced a fludarabine (Flu)-based conditioning regimen for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with Fanconi anemia (FA).The aim of this study is to compare Flu-based conditioning to alternative regimens in patients with FA. Forty-one patients with FA (aged 0.5-31, median, 10.3 years) who underwent allogeneic HSCT were included in this retrospective study. Hospital records were reviewed for conditioning regimens, engraftment data, and toxicity. The median (range) follow-up was 32 (0.5-149) months. Flu-based conditioning regimens were used in 24 patients: 17 patients were treated with alternative conditioning regimens including a radiation-based regimen/cyclophosphamide and busulfan regimen. The disease-free survival (DFS) after Flu-based regimens is 83% (20/24) versus 35% (6/17) for the alternative regimens (P = .002). Toxicity was significantly lower in patients who received Flu-based conditioning (modified Bearman toxicity score [P = .001]). Seven patients received transplants from matched unrelated donors without irradiation (5 of whom are currently alive and well). All patients who survived are disease free and in good clinical condition. We conclude that a combination of fludarabine with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and low-dose cyclophosphamide (Cy) and/or busulfan (Bu) is safe, demonstrates low rejection rates, and is well tolerated by FA patients

Outcomes of Unmanipulated Haploidentical Transplantation Using Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy) in Pediatric Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

HLA-haploidentical transplantation (haplo-HCT) using post-transplantation-cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy) is a feasible procedure in children with malignancies. However, large studies on Haplo-HCT with PT-Cy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are lacking. We analyzed haplo-HCT outcomes in 180 children with ALL. Median age was 9 years, and median follow-up was 2.7 years. Disease status was CR1 for 24%, CR2 for 45%, CR+3 for 12%, and active disease for 19%. All patients received PT-Cy day +3 and +4. Bone marrow (BM) was the stem cell source in 115 patients (64%). Cumulative incidence of 42-day engraftment was 88.9%. Cumulative incidence of day-100 acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) grade II-IV was 28%, and 2-year chronic GVHD was 21.9%. At 2 years, cumulative incidence of nonrelapse mortality (NRM) was 19.6%. Cumulative incidence was 41.9% for relapse and 25% for patients in CR1. Estimated 2-year leukemia free survival was 65%, 44%, and 18.8% for patients transplanted in CR1, CR2, CR3+ and 3% at 1 year for active disease. In multivariable analysis for patients in CR1 and CR2, disease status (CR2 [hazard ratio {HR} = 2.19; P = .04]), age at HCT older than 13 (HR = 2.07; P = .03) and use of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) (HR = 1.98; P = .04) were independent factors associated with decreased overall survival. Use of PBSC was also associated with higher NRM (HR = 3.13; P = .04). Haplo-HCT with PT-Cy is an option for children with ALL, namely those transplanted in CR1 and CR2. Age and disease status remain the most important factors for outcomes. BM cells as a graft source is associated with improved survival. (C) 2021 The American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved