Journalists or activists? Self - identity in the Ethiopian diaspora online community

This study investigates the role of the diaspora online media as stakeholders in the transnational Ethiopian media landscape. Through content analysis of selected websites and interviews with editors, the research discusses how the sites relate to recognized journalistic ideals and how the editors view themselves in regard to journalistic professionalism. It is argued that the journalistic ideals of the diaspora media must be understood towards the particular political conditions in homeland Ethiopia. Highly politicized, the diaspora websites display a marked critical attitude towards the Ethiopian government through an activist journalism approach. The editors differ slightly among themselves in the perception of whether activist journalism is in conflict with ideal-type professional norms, but they justify the practice either because of the less than ideal conditions back home or because they maintain that the combination of activism and professionalism is a forward-looking journalism ideology. The online initiatives of the Ethiopian diaspora are found to prolong media contestations in the homeland as well as reinforcing an ideal-type professional journalism paradigm

Photoproduction of rho0 in ultra--peripheral nuclear collisions at ALICE

Photoproduction of $\rho^0$ mesons in ultra-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions has been studied by the ALICE Collaboration at the CERN LHC. The strong photon flux associated with relativistic charged nuclei leads to a very large cross section for exclusive photoproduction of $\rho^0$ meson in interactions of the type $Pb + Pb \rightarrow Pb + Pb + \rho^0$. For a $\rho^0$ produced at mid-rapidity at the LHC, the photon-nucleus center of mass energy is higher than in any previous experiment. The ALICE detector is a general purpose detector dedicated to study heavy--ion collisions. ALICE has excellent performance in the low $p_T$ region, and can reconstruct charged particle tracks with 0.1 GeV/c $\leq p_T \leq 100$ GeV/c. In this analysis all tracks were required to be within ALICE's central barrel. Analysis of data from the first heavy ion run at the LHC in 2010 will be discussed in this paper.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, prepared for the Proceedings of the International Workshop On Physics At The LHC (Kruger 2012) December 3 - 7, 2012 Protea Hotel, Kruger Gate South Afric

Aesthetic Engagement with Mouse Bird Snake Wolf – Literary Multimodal Literacy in English Language Education

Multimodal literature plays an increasingly large role in literature and language education, including in English language teaching (ELT) in many contexts. In order to engage with all aspects of multimodal literature, it is necessary to consider both the multimodal and aesthetic nature of literary texts and what type of literacy is required to engage with these texts. In this article I will refer to this as ‘literary multimodal literacy’. I explore how literary multimodal literacy can be understood and how a group of lower secondary school learners in Norway demonstrated some of these competences in a classroom literacy event concerning the multimodal novel Mouse Bird Snake Wolf by David Almond and Dave McKean (2013). Based on this investigation, I will point to possible implications for teaching and acquiring literary multimodal literacy in the English classroom. Keywords: multimodal literature, multimodal novel, ELT, literary multimodal literacy, aesthetic engagementpublishedVersio

A Study of Wind-Wave Interactions using Offshore High-Frequency Wind and Wave Measurements

Masteroppgave i energiENERGI399MAMN-ENER

"That something better ought to come". Structure and canon formation in British literary history

Literary historiography may, among other things, mean the study of how literary history is written. Taking as my departurepoint Hayden White's claim that history is fictional as well as factual, and that writing history has more in common with fiction than scientific discourse, I study structure and canon formation in three British literary histories, A Manual of English Literature by Thomas Arnold (1862), A Short History of English Literature by George Saintsbury (1898) and A Short History of English Literature by B. Ifor Evans (1940).I engelsk språkdrakt er litterær historiografi, mellom andre ting, læra om korleis litteraturhistorie vert skriven. Med utgangspunkt i historikaren Hayden White sin påstand om at historie er fiksjon vel så mykje som fakta, og at historieskriving har meir til felles med skjønnlitteratur enn med vitskapleg diskursformer, tek eg føre meg struktur og kanonformasjon i tre britiske litteraturhistorier, A Manual of English Literature av Thomas Arnold (1862), A Short History of English Literature av George Saintsbury (1898) og A Short History of English Literature av B. Ifor Evans (1940). Desse litteraturhistoriene er skrivne i ein periode då det var stor tiltru både til positivistisk historisme, vitskaplege metodar og den litterære kanon sin funksjon. Det er stilt spørsmål ved alle desse områda dei seinare år, og eit studie av litteraturhistorier frå denne tida vil gje innblikk i eit område i omvelting frå eit meir stabilt tidspunkt. Likevel kan desse gje verdifull innsikt i litteraturhistorieskriving i dag, med dei utfordringar sjangeren møter i høve post-moderne skeptisisme og sterk kritikk av den litterære kanon. Eg har i denne oppgåva vist korleis ein kan lesa litteraturhistorie både som historie og litteratur, og som eit uttrykk for tida den er skriven i. Eg har vore meir interessert i å visa korleis denne sjangeren gir uttrykk for tidstypiske ideologiar enn kva for nokre, om nokon, ideologiske implikasjonar dei ulike historiene presenterer. Eg har særleg sett på struktur og kanonformasjon, då eg meinar at den grunnleggande strukturen i historiene vil leggja føringar for kva verk dei meinar fortener ein plass i den litterære kanon. Dei strukturelle, og strukturerande, trekka eg har sett på er i hovudsak periodisering, plot og metaforar. Alle desse er sentrale område for historieskriving, og like sentrale i produksjon av fiksjon. Eg har gjennom studiet av desse illustrert at litteraturhistorie ikkje representerer objektiv kunnskap, men er eit uttrykk for historikaren si tilnærming til både litteratur og historie. Studiet av litteraturhistorie som sjanger er lite utbreidd i Storbritannia i høve andre deler av verda. Litteraturhistorier av ulike typar vert enno skrivne, og eg meinar studiar av litteraturhistorie både som uttrykk for ideologiar og som litterær sjanger er verdifulle både for å lettare kunne ha ein kritisk tilnærming til det som vert presentert, for å lettare skriva gode, nyttige litteraturhistorier, og for å komma fram til kanonar som høver i eit skiftande samfunn.Master i EngelskMAHF-ENGENG35

Media and reliogion in Ethiopia

Religion has become an issue in the Ethiopian media. This is a new situation in a country which for many years excluded religious expressions from the public media. With the coming of prime minister Abiy Ahmed and the Prosperity Party in 2018, the principle of the secular state, which is in the Ethiopian Constitution, has been challenged fundamentally. Religion is being brought into official speeches and reflected in the media. Presenters on state television are seen wearing Orthodox crosses and Muslim hijabs, which was unheard of just five years ago. The new media proclamation which came in 2021 allows religious organizations to apply for broadcasting licences for the first time in the nation’s history. By 2023, between 40 and 50 religious organizations have acquired such a licence. At the same time, religion has also surfaced as a conflict issue in the media. Quarrel within the Ethiopian Islamic Affairs Supreme Council in 2021, dispute around the ownership and use of Meskel Square in Addis Ababa in 2020–22, and an attempt of schism within the Orthodox church in 2023 are three hot issues which epitomize religious conflict as a topic in the current news scene. The purpose of this study is to assess the ongoing changes in media and religion in Ethiopia. The researchers have interviewed 20 representatives from the media, the religious community and the regulator. The study also contains an in-depth analysis of 98 stories on religion which made headlines in ten different media outlets between 2020 and 2023. The study found that the newfound openness for religion in the Ethiopian media is deficient. The ‘broadcasting licences’ for religious organizations do not permit local radio stations or transmission through terrestrial television but are a registration system to map organizations which use the Internet and satellite to distribute religious programmes to Ethiopian audiences. The authorities continue to be suspicious of religious broadcasting and fear that extreme actors will destabilize the social order if they get access to the airwaves. The state media – officially called public media – neglect and downplay religious conflict issues in their coverage. However, with the many private media outlets as well as the social media on the scene, it has become harder for the state media to control the narrative around religious issues altogether. The content analysis shows that polarization is still a major problem in the reporting of religion in the Ethiopian media. Stories are often biased towards the journalist’s political and ethnic stance. Claiming that they are ’secular’, the state media (’public media’) tend to ignore important religious issues and conflicts which have resulted in loss of lives, burning of religious buildings, and displacement of people. The media appear to be ambivalent between applying a peculiar interpretation of ’secular’ principles by ignoring religion, or deciding to report such issues. The report stresses the importance of sensitizing reporters about religious issues and making the media more ethically responsible when reporting religion.publishedVersio