Annual Precipitation Regime of Minnesota

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors computed on 30-year normals indicate an unusually high spatial homogeneity of annual precipitation curve shape in Minnesota. The generalized shape accounts for about 99 per cent of the observed variance and meshes well with the overall pattern of the central United States. Interesting deviations do occur, however. These deviations suggest fundamental questions about precipitation-causing processes which should be investigated in the future

The Effect of Textual Errors on Dyadic and Individual Learning

The Major Objective of the Present Experiment Was to Assess the Effects of Textual Errors on Dyadic and Individual Learning. One Hundred Undergraduates Were Taught a Four-Step Learning Strategy, after Which They Studied a Text Passage Either Dyadically or Individually. Half of the Passages within Both Conditions Contained Syntactic Errors. Total Recall Measures Indicated that Dyads Performed Better Than Individuals on Recall of Text in Sections Not Containing Errors, Whereas the Groups Did Not Differ on Recall of the Material in Text Sections Containing Errors. Further, Dyads Outscored Individuals on Measures of Recall of Error Location, Error Frequency, and Perceived Difficulty of the Text Sections Which Contained Errors. in Addition, Subjective Processing Measures Indicated that Motivation and Interest Were Strongly Related to Recall. © 1989, SAGE Publications. All Rights Reserved

Minnesota drought.

Drought is an ordinary and expected part of the climate of any location. However, there are a few measures of drought and often it is difficult to recognize when a drought has begun and when it has ended. In the United States, the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI)is the most commonly employed measure of drought. Examination of the averages and variability of the PDSI is needed to draw conclusions about the temporal and geographic patterns of drought over Minnesota is to be drawn

The deduced amino acid sequence of human carbonic anhydrase-related protein (CARP) is 98% identical to the mouse homologue

A recently reported mRNA, encoding `carbonic anhydrase-related polypeptide' (CARP) from the Purkinje cells of mouse cerebellum, was shown to have a 30-40% deduced amino acid sequence identity with the carbonic anhydrases (CA) of mammals. In order to compare the mouse and human CARP sequences, we used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify human CARP sequences from several cDNA libraries (salivary gland, testis and placenta). The sequence has an 89.3% sequence identity with mouse CARP at the nucleotide level and 97.9% at the amino acid level. This extremely high evolutionary conservation suggests an important function for the CARP gene product.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/30832/1/0000494.pd

Promoting Functional Literacy through Cooperative Learning

The Effects of Cooperative Learning Strategy Manipulations on the Enactment and Recall of a Medical Procedure Were Explored. One Hundred and Twenty-Three College Students Completed the Experiment. during Training, Participants Were Randomly Assigned to a Dyad in One of Four Conditions: (A) No-Strategy, (B) Baseline Strategy, (C) Prompting Strategy, and (D) Planning Strategy. during Testing, Participants Both Performed and Produced Written Recalls of the Procedure Instructions. Test Order Was Counterbalanced within Dyad. Training and Test Performances Were Videotaped. the Planning Group Produced the Best Recalls and Recalled More Conditions of the Procedure. the Prompting Group Performed Best. Recall of the Procedure in All Groups Was Enhanced by Prior Performance. However, Performance Was Enhanced by Prior Recall in Only Two Groups. the Groups Differed Also in the Nature of the Transition from Training to Testing. Theoretical and Applied Implications of These Findings Are Discussed. © 1988, SAGE Publications. All Rights Reserved

Why organizational and community diversity matter:Representativeness and the Emergence of Incivility and Organizational Performance

Integrating sociological and psychological perspectives, this research considers the value of organizational ethnic diversity as a function of community diversity. Employee and patient surveys, census data, and performance indexes relevant to 142 hospitals in the United Kingdom suggest that intraorganizational ethnic diversity is associated with reduced civility toward patients. However, the degree to which organizational demography was representative of community demography was positively related to civility experienced by patients and ultimately enhanced organizational performance. These findings underscore the understudied effects of community context and imply that intergroup biases manifested in incivility toward out-group members hinder organizational performance

Retinoic Acid-Dependent Signaling Pathways and Lineage Events in the Developing Mouse Spinal Cord

Studies in avian models have demonstrated an involvement of retinoid signaling in early neural tube patterning. The roles of this signaling pathway at later stages of spinal cord development are only partly characterized. Here we use Raldh2-null mouse mutants rescued from early embryonic lethality to study the consequences of lack of endogenous retinoic acid (RA) in the differentiating spinal cord. Mid-gestation RA deficiency produces prominent structural and molecular deficiencies in dorsal regions of the spinal cord. While targets of Wnt signaling in the dorsal neuronal lineage are unaltered, reductions in Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Notch signaling are clearly observed. We further provide evidence that endogenous RA is capable of driving stem cell differentiation. Raldh2 deficiency results in a decreased number of spinal cord derived neurospheres, which exhibit a reduced differentiation potential. Raldh2-null neurospheres have a decreased number of cells expressing the neuronal marker β-III-tubulin, while the nestin-positive cell population is increased. Hence, in vivo retinoid deficiency impaired neural stem cell growth. We propose that RA has separable functions in the developing spinal cord to (i) maintain high levels of FGF and Notch signaling and (ii) drive stem cell differentiation, thus restricting both the numbers and the pluripotent character of neural stem cells

Knowledge Maps and the Presentation of Related Information Domains

An Experiment Was Conducted to Assess the Relative Effectiveness of Multiple-Relationship Knowledge Maps and Traditional Text for the Presentation of Related Information Domains. a Secondary Purpose Was to Investigate Comparative Versus Sequential Presentations. Knowledge Maps Were Found to Be Superior to Traditional Text in Acquisition and Affect Associated with Studying for One Type of Material. Moreover, Students in the Map Groups Reported Gaining More Knowledge About their Information Processing and Study Strategies that Would Help Them in Future Learning Than Did Those in the Text Groups. However, These Results Were Not Replicated with Respect to a Second Sample of Text on a Different Topic. Subject Matter and Structural Parameters that Might Account for the Inability to Replicate the Knowledge Map Effect Across Passages Are Identified. © 1992 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC