Short-Term Antibiotic Treatment Has Differing Long-Term Impacts on the Human Throat and Gut Microbiome

Antibiotic administration is the standard treatment for the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, the main causative agent of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. However, the long-term consequences of this treatment on the human indigenous microbiota are relatively unexplored. Here we studied short- and long-term effects of clarithromycin and metronidazole treatment, a commonly used therapy regimen against H. pylori, on the indigenous microbiota in the throat and in the lower intestine. The bacterial compositions in samples collected over a four-year period were monitored by analyzing the 16S rRNA gene using 454-based pyrosequencing and terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). While the microbial communities of untreated control subjects were relatively stable over time, dramatic shifts were observed one week after antibiotic treatment with reduced bacterial diversity in all treated subjects in both locations. While the microbiota of the different subjects responded uniquely to the antibiotic treatment some general trends could be observed; such as a dramatic decline in Actinobacteria in both throat and feces immediately after treatment. Although the diversity of the microbiota subsequently recovered to resemble the pre treatment states, the microbiota remained perturbed in some cases for up to four years post treatment. In addition, four years after treatment high levels of the macrolide resistance gene erm(B) were found, indicating that antibiotic resistance, once selected for, can persist for longer periods of time than previously recognized. This highlights the importance of a restrictive antibiotic usage in order to prevent subsequent treatment failure and potential spread of antibiotic resistance

Plasmid-mediated Quinolone Resistance among Non-TyphiSalmonella enterica Isolates, USA

We determined the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance mechanisms among non-Typhi Salmonella spp. isolated from humans, food animals, and retail meat in the United States in 2007. Six isolates collected from humans harbored aac(6′)Ib-cr or a qnr gene. Most prevalent was qnrS1. No animal or retail meat isolates harbored a plasmid-mediated mechanism

Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi with Nonclassical Quinolone Resistance Phenotype

We report Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi strains with a nonclassical quinolone resistance phenotype (i.e., decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin but with susceptibility to nalidixic acid) associated with a nonsynonymous mutation at codon 464 of the gyrB gene. These strains, not detected by the nalidixic acid disk screening test, can result in fluoroquinolone treatment failure

Salmonella

Antimicrobial susceptibility was analyzed for 354 typhoidal Salmonella isolates collected during 1999–2012 in the Netherlands. In 16.1% of all isolates and in 23.8% of all isolates that showed increased MICs for ciprofloxacin, the MIC for azithromycin was increased. This resistance may complicate empirical treatment of enteric fever

IT use for coordination of distributed work

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the coordination of distributed work and how existing information technology (IT) can be used and developed to improve the different forms of coordination. We have characterized a number of dependencies and identified the coordination processes that could manage them. Additionally we recommend certain specific IT solutions that improve these processes. Our focus has been on the usage of IT applications rather than the technology itself. The usage of IT affects the whole organization and therefore also brings us to the area of organization and project structures. The study was done at Ericsson Microwave Systems (EMW) and was based on interviews and short ethnographic studies

Norm Setting Processes in Recruiting

Genom att diskutera anställningsprocessen, ämnar studien att belysa och skapa förståelse för hur normer skapas och återskapas. Normer skapas och återskapas i ett interagerande människor emellan. Författarna fann att stereotypa föreställningar,homosocialitet, makt och socialisation är aspekter som påverkar hur normer konstrueras och rekonstrueras i rekryteringsprocessen