Effects of ultrasonic waves on enhancement of relative volatilities in methanol-water mixtures

The application of ultrasonic wave in various fields including separation process has increased predominantly. This paper reports the practicability of using ultrasonic wave to enhance separation of binary mixtures by distillation. The binary mixture utilized was methanol-water. The effect of different ultrasonic intensity at 50, 100, 200 and 250 W/A.cm2 with frequency of 40 kHz to vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of methanol-water was investigated to obtain the most suitable operating intensity. Experimental studies were also carried out to investigate the frequency effect (25 and 68 kHz) to VLE data. It was found that the use of ultrasonic wave enhanced the separation process by increasing the relative volatility of components. The highest average relative volatility of methanol-water at 29.413 was obtained from experimental study using intensity 200 W/A.cm2 and frequency of 25 kHz. The changes in relative volatility and VLE were caused by cavitational activities and vacuum effect that occur during transmission of ultrasonic wave in liquid medium. The results from this study proved the practical feasibility of using ultrasonic wave to enhance separation of binary mixtures in distillation column

Aqueous extraction of blue dye from butterfly pea flower

Dyes are widely used in industries such as textiles, leather, paper and plastics to colour their final products. In this research, Clitoria Ternatea flower was used as the source of natural dyes. The objective of this study is to determine the optimum condition of extraction natural dye where the parameters for extraction of natural dye are temperature: 30°C, 40°C, 60°C, 70°C and 90°C, solid to liquid ratio: 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, 1:50 and 1:60 and time: 30 min, 40 min, 60 min, 70 min and 90 min with one factor at one time (OFAT). The extraction temperature at 60°C, solid-to-liquid ratio at 1:30 g/ml and extraction time at 60 min contributed to the maximum yield of extraction. The dry weight of Clitoria Ternatea flower also determined. The results showed that with an adequate operating condition, it was possible to reach good yields using a simple extraction process

Effect of Feed Flowrates on the Physical Properties and Antioxidant of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria Macrocarpa) Encapsulated Powder

This paper presents an experimental study on the encapsulation of Mahkota Dewa extracts by maltodextrin using spray drying. The bioactive compound from dried Mahkota Dewa was obtained using a subcritical water extraction process prior to a spray drying process. The effect of feed flow rate (485 to 2115 ml/h) was investigated using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT). It was observed that the mean particle size increase varied from 3.55 to 8.38 µm when the feed flow rate increased from 485 to 2115 ml/h. Moisture content increased 4.88 to 6.83% as the feed flow rate increased from 485 to 2115 ml/h, whereas the antioxidant activity increased slightly from 90.48 to 91.65%. The findings from this study showed that decrease in feed flow rate reduces antioxidant activity, moisture content, and particle size

Evaluation of the intermolecular interactions and polymorphism of mefenamic acid crystals in N,N-dimethyl formamide solution: a molecular dynamics simulation and experimental study

Mefenamic acid [2-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)aminobenzoic acid] has been known to exist in different polymorphic forms. This study investigates the polymorphism of mefenamic acid in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) through the combination of molecular dynamic simulations and experimental study. The molecular dynamic simulations were performed using the Material Studio 5.5 simulation package with a Condensed-phase Optimized Molecular Potentials for Atomistic Simulation Studies (COMPASS) force field. The simulation trajectory files were analyzed for radial distribution functions to investigate the intermolecular interactions. The experimental study was performed by the cooling crystallization method with DMF as the solvent. The saturated solution and crystals produced were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The radial distribution function results showed the formation of a strong hydrogen bond between the solute-solute and solute-solvent interfaces, which were O1MA-H5MA and Of ... H15MA, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared results revealed the existence of O-H, N-H, and C=O bonds, which contributed to the formation of a hydrogen motif in the mefenamic acid during crystallization with DMF as the solvent. The X-ray powder diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy results confirmed the formation of mefenamic acid form II crystals in cubic shape

Solubility and dissolution thermodynamic data of mefenamic acid crystals in different classes of Organic solvents

Different classes of solvents provide different polarity values, which influence the solubility of pharmaceutical solids. In this article, the solubility of mefenamic acid in different classes of organic solvents, including polar protic, dipolar aprotic, and apolar aprotics at a range of temperatures from (298 to 323) K are reported. It has been found that mefenamic acid shows high solubility in dipolar aprotic solvents (N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, ethyl acetate, and propanone), moderate solubility in polar protic solvents (ethanol and propan-2-ol), and poor solubility in apolar aprotic solvents (hexane, heptane, and cyclohexane) and water

Prediction of mefenamic acid solubility and molecular interaction energies in different classes of organic solvents and water

Determination of solubility data either through experimental or model based approaches become a necessity in crystallization of pharmaceutical compound. The current work predicts the mefenamic acid solubility and molecular interaction energy, namely electrostatic (HMF), hydrogen bonding (H-HB) and van der Waals (H-vdW) in different solvents at temperatures from 298 to 323 K using Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS). The solvents used were N, N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, iso-propyl alcohol, n-hexane, n-heptane, cyclohexane and water. The Gibbs free energy of fusion required in COSMO-RS computation was determined using differential scanning calorimetry and reference solubility method. The accuracy of methods employed in prediction of solubility were evaluated using mean squared quadratic error (MSE). The mefenamic acid solubility predicted using COSMO-RS with reference solubility method showed a small MSE value, which was less than 2%. The predicted solubility also follows the same trend as the experimental values and increases with temperature. The predicted H-HB energy and Gibbs free energy changes of mefenamic acid dissolution in the solvents studied highly influence the solubility data. Therefore, COSMO-RS with reference solubility method is promising approach to predict solubility and intermolecular interaction energy of mefenamic acid in different solvents

Effects of Ultrasonic Waves on Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Cyclohexane/Benzene

Separation of azeotropic mixtures is one of the most challenging separation processes in chemical industry. Special separation techniques such as azeotropic and extractive distillation are required to separate these mixtures. In this work, an innovative technique which incorporates ultrasonic waves during separation of Cyclohexane (Chx)/ Benzene (Bz) via distillation process was explored. The effects of ultrasonic wave at different intensities at 50, 100, 200 and 250 W/A.cm2 and at a fixed frequency of 40 kHz on vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of Chx/ Bz were investigated. Studies were also done to examine the effects of ultrasonic frequencies on the VLE data at 25 and 68 kHz. It was found that ultrasonic waves at 100 W/A.cm2 intensity and 25 kHz frequency gave the highest relative volatility, α at 2.505 and completely eliminated the azeotropic point. The results revealed that ultrasonic waves had potential to favourably manipulate α, and hence, the VLE of Chx/ Bz

Impact of air-dry flowrate on moisture content and chemical constituents of spray dried fish oil

Fish oil contains high docosahexaenoic acid DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and considered as a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Regular intake of fish oil in the daily diet may provide several health benefits, including the prevention of diabetes, inflammation and arthritis. In this study, commercial Menhaden fish oil was microencapsulated using a spray drying approach with air-dry flowrates of 3.14, 4.19 and 5.24 m/s. The spray dried fish oil powder was characterised to determine moisture content and chemical composition using moisture content analyser and gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS), respectively. The moisture content of the spray dried powder was significantly affected by the changes of the air-dry flowrate but the chemical compositions remain the same. The lowest moisture content of 3.33% and the presence of Hexadecenoic acid and Pentadactyl acid (C15:0) was recorded at air-dry flowrate of 4.19 m/s

Effect of ultrasonic waves on polymorphism and crystal size distributions of mefenamic acid

Crystallization of pharmaceutical compound that have different polymorphic forms and broad crystal size distributions remain major challenge in industry. In this present work, the potential of ultrasonic intensifications on crystallization of mefenamic acid polymorph is investigated. The effect of sonication times (5 min – 30 min) and ultrasonic powers (153.3 – 766.7 Watt) at frequency of 65 kHz on polymorphic form and crystals size distributions (CSDs) of mefenamic acid crystals during cooling crystallization were investigated using One-Factor-At-a-Time method (OFAT). The polymorphic form, CSD and shape were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Malvern Mastersizer, optical microscope and X-ray diffractometry, respectively. It was found that ultrasonic power of 766.7 Watt and 30 min of sonication time produce plate-shaped crystals with the narrow CSD. The polymorph was consistent with Form I. The findings justify the suitability of ultrasonic waves to produced platelike mefenamic acid Form I crystals with narrow CSD

Menhaden fish oil encapsulation by spray drying process: influence of different biopolymer materials, inlet air temperature and emulsion ratios

BACKGROUND: Incorporating fish oils into commonly consumed foods is an emerging technique for increasing the daily intake of omega-3 fatty acid. However, the high vulnerability of fish oil towards oxidative deterioration reduces shelf life stability. Microencapsulation by spray drying with different combinations of biopolymers and other parameters may provide a solution by preventing further oxidation of fish oil and permitting its delivery to food items. This study emphasised the influence of developed biopolymer materials (maltodextrin, maltodextrin + gum arabic, maltodextrin + starch, maltodextrin + whey pro- tein isolates and maltodextrin + sodium caseinate) for emulsion formulation, inlet air temperature (160, 170, 180, 190 and 200 °C) and emulsion ratios (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35%) on the physicochemical properties of powdered menhaden fish oil by spray drying technique. RESULTS: Microencapsulated menhaden fish oil was evaluated for its moisture content, size distribution, microcapsule effi- ciency, peroxide value, free fatty acid, acid value and morphological structure. It was observed that the coating materials of maltodextrin + whey protein isolates gave the lowest moisture content and peroxide value of 4.410% and 4.031 mEq kg−1, respectively. The morphological images showed a smooth surface with no cracks and minimal shrinkage, indicating lower per- meability to gases and effectively protecting the oil against deterioration. CONCLUSION: The spray drying procedure using maltodextrin + whey protein isolates at an inlet air temperature 190 °C and emulsion ratio of 30% successfully produced fish oil microcapsules with improved properties