EFFECT OF EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER AS A COMPATIBILIZER IN SILICA-FILLED STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER COMPOUND

By using a semi-efficient vulcanization system, the effect of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) as a compatibilizer in silica-filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) compound was carried out. The ENR was incorporated into the silica-filled SBR compound at 5.0 and 10.0 phr. An investigation was carried out to examine the effect of ENR on cure characteristics and tensile properties of the silica-filled SBR compound. It was found that ENR gave enhanced cure rate to the silica-filled SBR compound. ENR also exhibited a higher torque difference, tensile modulus, and tensile strength up to 10.0 phr. The study of rubber - filler interaction proved that the addition of ENR to the silica-filled SBR system improved the rubber - filler interaction

The Effect of Korean Bobath Exercise on Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Motoric Movement Quality in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Background: In cerebral palsy (CP), there is damage to the cerebral cortex. The Korean Bobath Exercise (KBE) is based on brain plasticity theory. As a method of learning it may result in a better quality of motoric movement. This study aimed to examine the effect of KBE on change of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and motoric movement quality in CP. Subjects and Method: This was a randomized controlled trial conducted at Yayasan Pembinaan Anak Cacat (YPAC) and Prof. Dr. R. Soeharso Orthopedics Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, from October 2017 to February 2018. A sample of 34 children aged 2 t0 7 years with CP was selected for this study. This sample was allocated at random into the KBE group (n1=17) and the control group (n2=17). The dependent variable were BDNF and motoric movement quality. The independent variable was Korean Bobath Exercise. Pre and post peripheral BDNF exercise was measured in 8 weeks by ELISA blood test. Motoric development quality was measured by levelization. KBE was measured by scoring. The changes in BDNF before and after intervention between the KBE group and the control group were tested by t-test. The changes in motoric movement quality before and after intervention between the KBE group and the control group were tested by Chi-Square. Results: Before and after intervention, the increase of BDNF in the KBE group (mean= 5.97; SD= 5.08) was higher than the control group (mean= 3.43, SD= 2.64) with p= 0.231, indicating that the KBE was not effective to increase BDNF. Before and after intervention, the increase of motoric movement quality in the KBE group (100%) was higher than the control group (57%) with p= 0.008, indicating the KBE was effective to increase motoric movement quality. Conclusion: Data from the current study does not provide evidence thatKorean Bobath Exercise is effective in increasing brain derived neurotrophic factor. However, the current study gives evidence that Korean Bobath Exercise it is effective in improving motoric movement quality in children with cerebral palsy. Keywords: Korean Bobath Exercise, brain derived neurotrophic factor, cerebral pals

Studi Emisi Gas Buang Karbon Monoksida (CO) dari Penggunaan Bahan Bakar Sepeda Motor 4 Langkah dan 2 Langkah

Kendaraan bermotor berkontribusi sebesar 70-83% sebagai penyumbang langsung pencemaran udara ke atmosfer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur besarnya emisi gas buang Karbon Monoksida (CO) berdasarkan jenis bahan bakar yang digunakan (premium, pertalite dan pertamax) dari kendaraan bermotor 4 langkah dan 2 langkah. Pengujian emisi gas buang kendaraan berdasarkan SNI 09-7118.3-2005 mengenai Emisi Gas Buang Sumber Bergerak, Cara Uji Kendaraan Bermotor Kategori L pada kondisi Idle menggunakan alat Gas Analyzer Capelec 3201 serta menentukan nilai faktor emisi dari gas buang CO kendaraan bermotor yang mengacu pada Permen LH nomor 12 tahun 2010 dan Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) tahun 2007. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan tiga jenis kendaraan bermotor empat langkah (Motor Vario, Scoopy dan Beat) dan satu jenis kendaraan bermotor dua langkah (Motor Vespa Piaggio). Konsentrasi emisi gas buang CO tertinggi pada kendaraan motor Honda Vario berbahan bakar pertamax dengan nilai emisi gas buang CO sebesar 5,66% dan konsentrasi emisi gas buang CO terendah pada kendaraan motor Honda Beat berbahan bakar pertalite dengan nilai emisi gas buang CO sebesar 0,20%. Pengaruh karakteristik dari kendaraan juga dipertimbangkan dalam penelitian ini yaitu pengaruh umur, jarak tempuh dan perawatan dari kendaraan terhadap emisi gas buang CO yang dihasilkan berbanding lurus dengan jumlah emisi gas buang CO. Nilai faktor emisi yang didapatkan pada kendaraan bermotor Vario yaitu sebesar 1,941 g/km, Scoopy 0,810 g/km, Beat 0,107 g/km dan Vespa 1,122 g/km. Usaha meminimalisir emisi gas buang CO pada kendaraan dapat dilakukan dengan pembatasan pemakaian usia kendaraan, melakukan uji emisi secara berkala serta melakukan perawatan pada mesin kendaraan

Potensi Formulasi Sediaan Sabun Padat Minyak Kelapa dengan Pengisi Kaolin sebagai Media Pembersih Najis Mughallazah

Qur'an explains najis mughallazah be purified using water as much as 7 times and one of which uses the ground. The addition of clay to the soap helps remove impure DNA attached to the surface of the skin. This study was conducted to determine the effect of an increase in the amount of kaolin and reaction temperature on water content and hardness of soap; determine whether the soap formulas meet the quality requirements of SNI and determine whether the soap formula capable of eliminating the derivatives pig DNA using PCR analysis method. The reaction was designed in 4 reaction temperatures (50ºC - 80ºC), the consistency of kaolin (10% - 20%), 35% NaOH concentration, reaction time 10 minutes and the stirring speed of 250 rpm. The results showed that all variations meet SNI standards. The best results were obtained in 15%; 50ºC and 17.5%; 60ºC. First, rinse the soap can eliminate DNA smeared unclean human hands. DNA washing using water and soap shows the remaining conventional PCR DNA electrophoresis. Kaolin solid soap formulation produced may eliminate DNA and meet the standard SNI 06-3532-2016

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH BATANG JAGUNG SEBAGAI ADSORBEN ALTERNATIF PADA PENGURANGAN KADAR KLORIN DALAM AIR OLAHAN (TREATED WATER)

Various result of agricultural waste that contain high cellulose can be used as an alternative adsorbent. One of them was derived from dried corn stalks which traditionally burnt after harvest that lead to environmental pollution. It is necessary to produce the value-added materials from corn stalks waste as an alternative adsorbent to reduce the level of chlorine in treated water. This process was performed by using various level of sulfuric acid concentration 1%, 3% and 5%, particles size 50 and 70 mesh in 105 oC with adsorbtion time 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The most favorable activation result was obtained at 5% concentration, with particle size 70 mesh, adsorbtion time 90 minutes and the iodine value was 482 mg/l with level of adsorbed chlorine was 96,08%. Based on this findings, we concluded that the corn stalks waste can be used as an alternative adsorbent in reducing the level of chlorine in treated water

KAJIAN PEMANFAATAN BIJI KOPI (ARABIKA) SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL

This research aims to exploit the coffee seed oil as raw material for biodiesel by esterification process, then followed by transesterification process and studied the influence of variations in the weight ratio of solvent: ground coffee beans in the coffee bean oil extraction process. The methodologies of this researchare conducted on the process of preparation of raw materials, extraction, and testing phase.  Extraction is done with a variety of types of solvent n-hexane (C6H14) and toluene (C7H8 (C6H5CH3)) and a variety of solvents through a ratio of 1:5, 1:6, 1:7 and 1:8 against the mass of each run, which is 40 gram. Another variable is still 2 hours extraction time and temperature solvent extraction with n-hexane (C6H14) (boiling point 690C) is 70-75 0c and the solvent toluene (C7H8 (C6H5CH3))(boiling point 1100C) is 110-1150C. Testing phase is done bythe use of coffee oil esterification process in the molar ratio of methanol: free fatty acid catalyst H2SO4 = 3:1 with 1% v / v for 1hour with stirring 600 rpm and transesterification process at a molar ratio of methanol: oil = 9:1 coffee with 1.75% NaOH catalyst for 2 hours with stirring 600 rpm. Esterification process as conducted preliminary due to high levels of free fatty acids coffeeoils, which is 22.2%. Extraction results include the maximum yield of the coffee oils  17.73% in toluene weight ratio: coffee powder= 6:1, and coffee oil data in the form of the density 93.75 g / ml, viscosity 59.326 cP and fatty acid composition of the highest linoleic acid 40.8765% and palmitic acid 37.4492%. The results of esterification and transesterification obtained by the methyl ester equal to 39.63% with density 0.915 g / ml, 22.5498 cSt kinematic viscosity and flash point 130 0C

EKSTRAKSI MINYAK DARI BIJI ALPUKAT (Persea Americana Mill) MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT N-HEPTANA

Avocado production is quite high in Indonesia led to increased waste avocado seed. Avocado seeds have an oil content large enough to potentially be used as a source of vegetable oil. A commonly used solvent for the extraction process is hexane. However, hexane proved to have an alarming danger if it is used for the extraction of food ingredients, necessitating alternative solvents such as n-heptane. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of variable research on avocado seed oil extraction using n-heptane. The method used in this study is Response Surface Methodology-Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD) by varying the time of extraction, extraction temperature, avocado seed mass and volume of the solvent n-heptane. ANOVA with 95% confidence level (p <0.05) showed that the variables have a significant influence on the yield of avocado seed oil produced by the value of R2 = 94.24% at constant temperature and R2 = 93.95% at constant time. Characteristics of avocado seed oil is a orange color, density amounted to 0.71 g/ml, viscosity amounted to 0.43 cP, and FFA amounted to 2.76%. Analysis of fatty acid composition of avocado seed oil showed fatty acid component is predominantly polyunsaturated fatty acids as linoleic acid of 47.3531% (w/w), saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid amounted to 20.3439% (w/w), and monounsaturated fatty acids as oleic acid amounted to 15.8823% (w/w)

EKSTRAKSI MULTI TAHAP KURKUMIN DARI KUNYIT (Curcuma domestica Valet) MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT ETANOL

Curcumin is a pigment in Curcuma domestica Valet, which has an orange-yellow crystal appearance, and commonly being used as a colouring agent. Extraction method which is used in extracting curcumin from Curcuma domestica Valet is one stage extraction. This research studied a multi stages extraction of curcumin from Curcuma domestica Valet. The purposes of this research is to find the best condition in extracting curcumin using multi stages extraction method, to increase the efficiency rate in curcumin extraction. This research used ethanol as a solvent, and effect from variables such as extraction time, solvent concentration, and number of extraction stages are observed. Extraction times are 60 minutes, 120 minutes, and 180 minutes. Variations of ethanol concentration are 50%, 70%, and 96%. Stage numbers of extraction are two stages extraction and three stages extraction. Extracts of curcumin are examined with qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. The best condition of multi stages curcumin extraction is determined based on yield and content of curcumin. The maximum yield obtained in this study was 12% with conditions 180 minutes extraction time, 96% ethanol concentration, and two stages extraction. The highest content of curcumin obtained is 16% with conditions 180 minutes extraction time, 96% ethanol concentration, and three stages extraction. Content means a fraction of yield. These results show that increase in extraction time, solvent concentration, and stage numbers of extraction  will increase the yield and content of curcumin extracted from Curcuma domestica Valet

PEMBUATAN KARBOKSIMETIL SELULOSA DARI KULIT PISANG KEPOK DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI NATRIUM HIDROKSIDA, NATRIUM MONOKLOROASETAT, TEMPERATUR DAN WAKTU REAKSI

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a derivative cellulose which is soluble an in water (hydrophilic colloid). This material effective to bind water to provide a uniform texture and increase viscosity. The aim  of this study is to utilize banana peel as a raw material to synthesis CMC and determine the best conditions in the process of synthesis CMC from banana peel. The materials used were banana peel, water, aquades, NaOH, Natirum monochloroacetat and glacial acetic acid. The variables in this study were NaOH concentration, natirum monochloroacetat mass, temperature and reaction time. In this  research consists of four stages there are preparation of raw materials, alkalization, carboxymethylation, and neutralization. The results of this research  shows the variatioon NaOH concentration 20%  and  temperature of 45oC degree, mol rasio of  cellulose:sodium monochloroacetat 1:1,6 with a reaction time of 120 minutes obtained the highest substitution degree of 0,73-0.812. The FTIR analysis shows the presence of the O-H, C-H, C = O, C-0, CH2 and 1,4 β-glycoside function groups known to have the same function groups as the commercial carboxymethyl cellulose

Potensi Formulasi Sediaan Sabun Padat Minyak Kelapa dengan Pengisi Bentonit sebagai Media Pembersih Najis Mughallazah

Najis mughallazah is excrement which comes from pigs which earthen soap can use to purify it.  Method to purify unclean that is necessary to use water seven times and the addition of bentonite to soap is expected to be able to remove unclean Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) that is located on the surface of human skin. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the amount of bentonite filler and the reaction temperature on the quality of soap, knowing whether the soap formula meets the SNI quality requirements and knowing whether the soap formula can remove Pig DNA residues using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analytical method. In this study, the operation conditions were designed at the reaction temperature (50 oC, 60 oC, 70 oC and 80 oC), bentonite consistency (10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5% and 20%), 35% NaOH concentration, reaction time 10 minutes and stirring speed 250 rpm. The analyzes carried out in this study include analysis of water content, free alkaline content, free fatty acid content and PCR method. The best results were obtained for 15% (70 °C) soap that had soap hardness characteristics close to conventional soap and 17.5% (50 °C) soap with the characteristics of soap that could remove najis mughallazah. The resulting solid bentonite soap formula meets the SNI 3523: 2016 standard and can eliminate mughallazah unclean