Critical Review of In-store and Online Impulse Purchase Behavior

An important concept in retailing is impulse buying. This phenomenon has been studied in consumer behavior research as well as in psychology and economics since 1950s. Impulse purchase is generally unplanned purchases where purchase decisions are made on the spot. By some estimates 50 percent of all consumers' spending is on impulse. With e-commerce acceptance and growth it is important to understand the potential of impulse purchase in an online shopping environment. This paper critically reviews the factors that influence impulse buying in traditional brick-and-mortar store and the factors that influence online impulse buying and then tries to compare those. First, this paper discusses the concept of impulse purchase as developed over a period of time by several researchers of marketing and psychology. Furthermore it talks about the four basic types of impulse buying and explains them with examples. Second, this paper tries to compare the factors that may influence offline and online impulse purchase and finally it is an attempt to understand to online impulse buying and its international aspect and emerging concepts of online marketing to increase impulse buying online. There is a scope for further research to fill in the gap between literature of impulse buying and literature of online impulse buying. There is a need for more research because it has a lot of potential particularly the online impulse purchase since the online sales are increasing rapidly and are expected to increase at a higher growth rate.International Studie

ROLE OF CHELATING AGENTS IN THALASSAEMIA MAJOR PATIENTS

ABSTRACT The purpose of this work was to evaluate current chelation in thalassaemia major patients. It is a retrospective study. This study was conducted at a charity blood transfusion center in Lahore

Sugar Accumulation and its Regulation by Jasmonic Acid in Brassica napus L. under Salt Stress

The effects of Jasmonic acid (JA) on sugar accumulation and protein content in 12-days old Brassica napus L. seedlings were studied. The seeds pre-treated with different concentrations of jasmonic acid were germinated in Petriplates supplied with various concentrations of salt stress (NaCl). The contents of total chlorophyll, total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, total carbohydrates and total protein content of 12-days old seedlings were analysed. It was observed that JA reduced the toxicity of salt stress on seedling growth by influencing the chlorophyll content and protein content. Pre-treatment of jasmonic acid was found to be significantly effective in increasing the contents of sugars

28-Homobrassinolide Modulate Antenna Complexes and Carbon Skeleton of Brassica juncea L. under Temperature Stress

The aim of present study was to explore the ameliorative impact of 28-homoBL on morpho-physiological attributes, photosynthetic pigments and sugars of Brassica juncea L. exposed to oxidative stress caused by extreme temperatures (4 and 44 °C). For this, experiments were carried out at the Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala. Effect of different degrees of temperature (4 and 44 °C) taking 24 °C as control was studied. 28-homoBL (10-6, 10-9 and 10-12M) primed and unprimed seeds of B. juncea L. in terms of antenna complexes and end products of photosynthesis that is total carbohydrates and total soluble sugars was investigated. All concentrations of 28-homoBL used in present study showed different effects on morphology and light quenching pigments. All concentrations of 28-homoBL showed promoting effect on growth and light quenching pigments. The carbon makeup ameliorated positively in stressed and non-stressed components of photosynthetic machinery and 10-9 M 28-homoBL showed best results. In conclusion 28-homoBL showed great potential in protecting the reaction centre of photosynthetic machinery from oxidative stress caused by extreme low and high temperatures but in very dose dependent manner and thus modulate the carbon skeleton of the plant

Effect of exogenous H₂O₂ on antioxidant enzymes of <i>Brassica juncea</i> L. seedlings in relation to 24-epibrassinolide under chilling stress

378-382Hydrogen peroxide is most stable molecule among reactive oxygen species, which play a vital role in growth and development of plant as signaling molecule at low concentration in response to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Exogenous application of H2O2 is known to induce chilling tolerance in plants. Brassinosteroids are plant steroid hormones known for their anti-stress properties. In this study, effect of exogenous H2O2 on antioxidant defense system of Brassica juncea L. seedlings was investigated in 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) treated and untreated seedlings under chilling stress. The surface sterilized seeds of B. juncea L. were germinated in petriplates containing different concentrations of H2O2 alone and in combination with 10-8 M 24-EBL. Chilling treatment (4 ºC) was given to 10-days old seedlings grown in different treatments for 6 h daily up to 3 days. 24 h recovery period was given to chilling treated seedlings by placing at 25ºC ± 2ºC and harvested for antioxidant enzymes on 14th day after sowing (DAS). Treatment of 24-EBL in combination with H2O2 (15 and 20 mM) helped in reducing the toxicity of seed and seedlings due to H2O2 exposure on their germination rate, shoot and root length respectively. 24-EBL treatment at seed and seedling stage helped in alleviating the toxic effect of H2O2 through antioxidant defense system by increasing the activities of various enzymes involved in antioxidant defense system such as catalase (CAT, E.C. 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX, E.C. 1.11.1.11), and superoxide dismutase (SOD, E.C. 1.15.1.1). In conclusion, exogenous pretreatment of H2O2 to seeds of B. juncea L. adapted the seedlings to tolerate chilling stress, which was further ameliorated in combination of H2O2 with 24-EBL

Castasterone assisted accumulation of polyphenols and antioxidant to increase tolerance of B. juncea plants towards copper toxicity

The concentration of copper in soil is increasing, which may potentially affect the crop yield. Brassinosteroids are well known to enhance tolerance towards abiotic stress, but role of castasterone in this context is poorly understood. The present study was designed to explore the potential of castasterone to enhance copper tolerance in Brassica juncea plants. Results indicate that copper increased the production of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide, maximum at 0.75 mM of copper exposure (31.71 and 68.29% at 60 days). This overproduction of reactive oxygen species hampered the photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange parameters. Application of castasterone as seed soaking method significantly activated the enzymatic defense system. Superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase showed maximum enhancement in the activities. The study further highlighted the modulations of polyphenols in B. juncea with castasterone and copper. Phenolic profiling shows that accumulation of polyphenols increase with the castasterone application under copper stress. Caffeic acid, ellagic acid, catechin and chlorogenic acid were the most prominent polyphenols observed in this study

Castasterone assisted accumulation of polyphenols and antioxidant to increase tolerance of B. juncea plants towards copper toxicity

Abstract: The concentration of copper in soil is increasing, which may potentially affect the crop yield. Brassinosteroids are well known to enhance tolerance towards abiotic stress, but role of castasterone in this context is poorly understood. The present study was designed to explore the potential of castasterone to enhance copper tolerance in Brassica juncea plants. Results indicate that copper increased the production of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide, maximum at 0.75 mM of copper exposure (31.71 and 68.29% at 60 days). This overproduction of reactive oxygen species hampered the photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange parameters. Application of castasterone as seed soaking method significantly activated the enzymatic defense system. Superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase showed maximum enhancement in the activities. The study further highlighted the modulations of polyphenols in B. juncea with castasterone and copper. Phenolic profiling shows that accumulation of polyphenols increase with the castasterone application under copper stress. Caffeic acid, ellagic acid, catechin and chlorogenic acid were the most prominent polyphenols observed in this study