Spectrophotometric Analysis of Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation in Saliva and Histatin-5 Relate to pH and Viscosity

Objective: To analyze the ability of saliva in controlling the growth and the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) as well as the effect of histatin-5 anti-biofilm relate to pH and saliva viscosity. Material and Methods: The S. mutans biofilm assayed by crystal violet 1% and its growth measured by spectrophotometer. The saliva viscosity was analyzed by viscometer, and pH of saliva was measured by pH meter. Results: Based on the optical density values, growth of S. mutans in saliva ranged <300 CFU/mL (0.1 nm) at concentrations of 25%, 12.5% and 6.25% for 24 hours. Whereas at the 48 h and 72 h period of incubation shown an increase in growth of S. mutans ranged 300-600 CFU/mL (0.2-0.36 nm). The inhibitory biofilm formation of S. mutans in saliva was significantly higher at concentrations of 12.5% and 6.25% at 24 h incubation times on a moderate scale, whereas the histatin-5 was effective to inhibit S. mutans biofilm on the 50 and 25 ppm. The saliva possessed a higher inhibitory of biofilm S. mutans than histatin-5 and good level viscosity (0.91-0.92 cP). Conclusion: The saliva was able to control the growth of S. mutans, and histatin-5 can inhibit the biofilm formation S. mutans. Furthermore, the saliva was also able to respond to the pH change with good viscosity of saliva

Correlation of ACE Gene Polymorphism and Hypertension in Stroke Ischemic Patients

Stroke is the third highest cerebrovascular disease in the world with high mortality and disability rate that is mostly dominated by ischemic stroke. Genetic factor that had been reported to have an indirect effect in increasing the incidence of ischemic stroke is ACE gene polymorphism. ACE gene polymorphism is characterized by the insertion marked by letter (I) or deletion marked by letter (D) on intron 16, chromosome 17. ACE gene polymorphism has drawn a lot of attention from scientists and had been reported to have an indirect effect in increasing the ischemic stroke incidence through pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis. In this study, 78 subjects of ischemic stroke consist of 43 subjects with hypertension and 35 subjects with normotension. I allele of ACE gene polymorphism was more dominant than D allele in hypertensive ischemic stroke patients (72.1% > 27,9%) and this dominance was also seen in the incidence of hypertension vs normotension (55.4% > 44.6%). However, the correlation of ACE gene polymorphism with the incidence of hypertension was not statistically significant when compared based on its genotype (p=0.280) and allele (p=0.948)

Comparison of Immunoreactivity Serum Neuregulin 1 in Bataks Ethnic with Schizophrenia Paranoid and Bataks Ethnic Healthy Control

Protein measurements in blood are often used to investigate the pathological contribution of individual molecules. Neuregulin1 (NRG1) proteins influences the development of white matter connectivity and is implicated in genetic susceptibility in schizophrenia (NRG1  proteins in rat, Frenzel, NRG1 1 genetic variation Fei Wang). Neuregulin 1 affects the regulation of central nervous system myelination by inducing the migration and differentiation of oligodendrocytes in the CNS. The objective of the present study is to make comparison of immunoreactivity serum Neuregulin 1 in Bataks ethnic with schizophrenia and Bataks ethnic healthy control. Serum samples were collected from 42 Bataks ethnic with schizophrenia (21 men, 21 women) and 30 control subjects (15 men, 15 women). Neuregulin 1 was measured by ELISA using antibody against NRG 1 beta 1. The differences between Bataks ethnic with schizophrenia and healthy control were assessed using Mann Whitney test (significant value p < 0,05). Mean immunoreactivity of serum Neuregulin 1 in schizophrenic patients 14,51 pg/ml (SD ± 6,81) and mean immunoreactivity of serum neuregulin 1 in control subjects 13,12 pg/ml (SD ± 2,49). Immunoreactivity of serum neuregulin 1 in Batak ethnics with schizophrenia was significantly higher than in Bataks ethnic healthy control (p=0,036). Keywords: serum neuregulin- schizophrenia- Bataks ethni

Spectrophotometric Analysis of Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation in Saliva and Histatin-5 Relate to pH and Viscosity

Objective: To analyze the ability of saliva in controlling the growth and the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) as well as the effect of histatin-5 anti-biofilm relate to pH and saliva viscosity. Material and Methods: The S. mutans biofilm assayed by crystal violet 1% and its growth measured by spectrophotometer. The saliva viscosity was analyzed by viscometer, and pH of saliva was measured by pH meter. Results: Based on the optical density values, growth of S. mutans in saliva ranged <300 CFU/mL (0.1 nm) at concentrations of 25%, 12.5% and 6.25% for 24 hours. Whereas at the 48 h and 72 h period of incubation shown an increase in growth of S. mutans ranged 300-600 CFU/mL (0.2-0.36 nm). The inhibitory biofilm formation of S. mutans in saliva was significantly higher at concentrations of 12.5% and 6.25% at 24 h incubation times on a moderate scale, whereas the histatin-5 was effective to inhibit S. mutans biofilm on the 50 and 25 ppm. The saliva possessed a higher inhibitory of biofilm S. mutans than histatin-5 and good level viscosity (0.91-0.92 cP). Conclusion: The saliva was able to control the growth of S. mutans, and histatin-5 can inhibit the biofilm formation S. mutans. Furthermore, the saliva was also able to respond to the pH change with good viscosity of saliva

Correlation between Vitamin D Receptor Gene FOKI and BSMI Polymorphisms and the Susceptibility to Pulmonary Tuberculosis in an Indonesian Batak-ethnic Population

Aim: to explore the role of FokI and BsmI polymorphisms the VDR gene in the susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in an Indonesian Batak ethnic population. Methods: matched case-control study was conducted on 76 PTB patients and 76 healthy normal control. Genetic polymorphisms of Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) gene were analysed using PCR-RFLP. Results: the frequencies of FokI genotypes were FF 35.5%, Ff 55.3%, ff 9.2% for PTB patients and FF 39.5%, Ff 44.7.% and ff 15.8% for normal control. The BsmI genotypes frequencies were BB 0%, Bb 68.4%, bb 31.6% for TB patients and BB 2.6%, Bb 23.7% and bb 73.7% for control. There was no significant association between FokI genotype and PTB (OR 1.39, 95% CI: 0.69-2.77 for Ff genotype and OR 0.64, 95% CI: 0.22-1.86 for ff genotype). There was a significant association between BsmI genotype and PTB; the bb genotype was associated with a decreased risk to PTB (OR 0.22, 95% CI: 0.11-0.45). Conclusion: in Indonesian Batak ethnic population, there was no association between FokI polymorphism of VDR gene with host susceptibility to PTB. There was a significant association between BsmI polymorphism of VDR gene; bb genotype was associated with a decreased risk to PTB. Key words: pulmonary tuberculosis, polymorphisms, vitamin D receptor gene, Batak, Indonesi

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN D-GALAKTOSA TERHADAP PERUBAHAN BERAT BADAN MENCIT JANTAN

D-galactose is aldohexose which occurs naturally in the body, including in the brain which is found in lactose disaccharides in honey, beets and milk products. Needed in the body for lactose formation during the process of lactogenesis. Provision of large amounts of D-galactose can cause oxidative damage to various tissues and organs. The purpose was to see changes in body weight in male rats after being given a D-galactose injection. Samples using male mice aged 8 weeks with a weight of ± 30 grams, the number of samples was 6 mice swiss webster strain. intra-peritoneal injection of D-galactose is given for 6 weeks every day (150 mg / kg / bb). The results of this study indicate that the statistical analysis is significant p <0.05 (p = 0.016). The conclusion after being given injection of D-galactose for 6 weeks every day intra peritoneally was found D-galactose had an effect on the weight gain of male mice

Metformin Inhibits Growth of Breast Cancer Cell T47D through Decreasing Expression of Protein P53, BCL2 and Cyclin D1

Breast cancer is a disease that afflicts women only 0.5 to 1 % are male breast cancers.Breast cancer has several variants and requires a different therapeutic approach, and until now the therapy has not been satisfactory due to the emergence of resistance. Metformin as the main choice drug type 2 diabetes mellitus which is known to have a cytotoxic effect for breast cancer. This study aimed to analyze metformin cytotoxic mechanisms covering the cell cycle , apoptosis, expression of p53, bcl-2 and cyclin D1 T47D cells which exposed to metformin HCl. The study was conducted invitro on T47D breast cancer cells which exposed to metformin concentrations of 1738.2 µg / mL and 3476.4 µg / mL and doxorubicin concentrations of 0.1µg / mL and 0.2µg / mL for 24 hours. Cell cycle testing and apoptosis using the flowsitometry method and expression test of p53 protein, bcl-2 dancycline D1 in T47D cells with immunocytochemistry. Data was analyzed by one way Anova with Bonferroni's advanced test. The results showed that metformin inhibited the G0-G1 phase of the T47D cell cycle, triggered T47D cell apoptosis, significantly reduced p53, bcl-2 and cyclin D1 protein expression (p <0.05). Conclusion of the study, metformin inhibits T47D cells through inhibition of the cell cycle G0-G1 phase, reducing protein expression p53, bcl-2 and cyclin D1

Lysozyme quantity and quality in relation with early childhood caries: A longitudinal study.

Context: Several studies have reported the relationship between lysozyme quantity (concentration) and quality (activity) with early childhood caries (ECC), but the results remain controversial. These are controversial, probably due to the cross-sectional design used in previous studies. Aims: To analyze the relation between lysozyme quantity and quality with ECC in two years old children. Methods: An observational analytic with a cohort study for nine months, with a total sample of 68 caries-free children aged 9-24 months old, selected by purposive sampling from Integrated Healthcare Center in Medan, Indonesia. The subject must have at least two primary upper incisors that have erupted. Lysozyme examination was carried out three times, at the beginning of the month, the third and the ninth month. ECC examination was assessed using the American Association of Pediatric Dentistry criteria. Lysozyme concentration was measured using a competitive ELISA method with human lysozyme C (Fine Test). Then lysozyme reading was done at an absorbance of 450 nm using a microplate reader. Lysozyme activity was assessed using the Lysozyme Detection Kit (Sigma-Aldrich and ready by spectrophotometer. Data analysis was processed with an unpaired t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and longitudinal analysis using a generalized estimating equation (linear) test with a significant value, p<0.05. Results: This showed that there was not any relationship found between lysozyme concentration and ECC (p>0.05). However, there was a relationship between lysozyme activity and ECC (p=o.oo8). Conclusions: ECC children had higher lysozyme activity when compared to caries-free children

PENGUKURAN KADAR PIRIDOKSIN (VITAMIN B6) DALAM DARAH PADA ANAK PENDERITA DEFISIT PERHATIAN DAN GANGGUAN HIPERAKTIVITAS (ADHD)

This research aimed to study Piridoksin (Vitamin B6) status in blood sample of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) children. Deductive research using the descriptive method through 2 stage, namely : (1) Taken of blood sample, and (2) Analysis of Piridoksin (Vitamin B6) status in blood sample was performed by using High Performance Liquid Chromatograpy (HPLC) method. Data collected and assessed by once in one time. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques and Chi Square tests (X2) by Computer programs (SPSS 15). The result of the assessment of Piridoksin (Vitamin B6) status in blood sample of ADHD children that had been was considered statistically highly significant a reduce of the assessment of Piridoksin (Vitamin B6) status in blood sample of ADHD children by 0,422 ng/ml compared with laboratory reference (control) by 0,36-1,8 ng/ml, HA&lt;C** (p&lt;0,001). This was considered a reduction in Piridoksin (Vitamin B6)) concentrations induces of the Hyperactivity children by 95%

STUDI PRELIMINARI TENTANG PENGARUH D-GALAKTOSA DALAM MENGINDUKSI STRES OKSIDATIF PADA MENCIT JANTAN GALUR OUTBRED FK USU

Abstract &nbsp; Oxidative stress occurs due to imbalance of free radicals over antioxidant level in the body. This condition causes lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. D-Galaktosa is &nbsp;&nbsp;The mechanism of oxidative stress induced by d-galactose occurs in the subcellular, especially in the brain's mitochondria. Increasing the concentration of d-galaktosa is oxidized by galaktosa oxidase to form hydrogen peroxide (H202) which causes a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD). H202 reacts with reduced iron and forms hydroxide ions (OH-). Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of d-galaktosa induction on oxidative stress levels (MDA) in male mice. Methods: Methods of samples of mice given d-galaktosa and blood collection from the heart were carried out at the Pharmacology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, University of North Sumatra. Results: The results showed that administration of d-galaktosa, through intraperitonial injection every day for 6 weeks, had an effect on the levels of oxidative stress in male mice. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that administration of d-galaktosa, through intraperitonial injection every day for 6 weeks, has an effect on levels of oxidative stress in male mice. &nbsp