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Disease activity and biologic use in patients with psoriatic arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis.
To compare disease burden and biologic use among psoriatic arthritis (PsA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients recruited to the Corrona registry. Retrospective study of patients with PsA or RA enrolled in Corrona between January 2002 and March 2013 and grouped in 2-year intervals. Clinical outcomes and biologic use were assessed. Biologic use increased over time in both cohorts, with 62 and 52% of patients with PsA and RA, respectively, receiving biologics by 2012-2013. However, 25 and 35% of patients with PsA and RA, respectively, continued to experience moderate/high disease activity. Overall, the progressive increase in biologic use accompanied progressive decreases in Clinical Disease Activity Index (from 14.2 to 10.4 for RA, and 12.4 to 8.1 for PsA) and mean Health Assessment Questionnaire score (from 0.36 to 0.34, and 0.3 to 0.24). Mean patient pain, the proportion of patients reporting morning stiffness, and the mean duration of morning stiffness remained similar for both cohorts. PsA and RA treated in the rheumatology setting had a comparable impact on patient quality of life and functional ability. Disease burden improved with increased biologic utilization in both groups; however, moderate/severe disease remains in a significant proportion of PsA and RA patients
The Role of Glutathione S-Transferase GliG in Gliotoxin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus
Gliotoxin, a redox-active metabolite, is produced
by the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus
fumigatus, and its biosynthesis is directed by the
gli gene cluster. Knowledge of the biosynthetic
pathway to gliotoxin, which contains a disulfide
bridge of unknown origin, is limited, although L-Phe
and L-Ser are known biosynthetic precursors. Deletion
of gliG from the gli cluster, herein functionally
confirmed as a glutathione S-transferase, results in
abrogation of gliotoxin biosynthesis and accumulation
of 6-benzyl-6-hydroxy-1-methoxy-3-methylenepiperazine-
2,5-dione. This putative shunt metabolite
from the gliotoxin biosynthetic pathway contains an
intriguing hydroxyl group at C-6, consistent with
a gliotoxin biosynthetic pathway involving thiolation
via addition of the glutathione thiol group to a reactive
acyl imine intermediate. Complementation of gliG
restored gliotoxin production and, unlike gliT, gliG
was found not to be involved in fungal self-protection
against gliotoxin
Associations of sNfL with clinico-radiological measures in a large MS population
Esclerosi mĂșltiple; Cadena lleugera de neurofilaments sĂšricsEsclerosis mĂșltiple; Cadena ligera de neurofilamentos sĂ©ricosMultiple sclerosis; Serum neurofilament light chainObjective
Evaluation of serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL), measured using high-throughput assays on widely accessible platforms in large, real-world MS populations, is a critical step for sNfL to be utilized in clinical practice.
Methods
Multiple Sclerosis Partners Advancing Technology and Health Solutions (MS PATHS) is a network of healthcare institutions in the United States and Europe collecting standardized clinical/imaging data and biospecimens during routine clinic visits. sNfL was measured in 6974 MS and 201 healthy control (HC) participants, using a high-throughput, scalable immunoassay.
Results
Elevated sNfL levels for age (sNfL-E) were found in 1238 MS participants (17.8%). Factors associated with sNfL-E included male sex, younger age, progressive disease subtype, diabetes mellitus, impaired renal function, and active smoking. Higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with lower odds of elevated sNfL. Active treatment with disease-modifying therapy was associated with lower odds of sNfL-E. MS participants with sNfL-E exhibited worse neurological function (patient-reported disability, walking speed, manual dexterity, and cognitive processing speed), lower brain parenchymal fraction, and higher T2 lesion volume. Longitudinal analyses revealed accelerated short-term rates of whole brain atrophy in sNfL-E participants and higher odds of new T2 lesion development, although both MS participants with or without sNfL-E exhibited faster rates of whole brain atrophy compared to HC. Findings were consistent in analyses examining age-normative sNfL Z-scores as a continuous variable.
Interpretation
Elevated sNfL is associated with clinical disability, inflammatory disease activity, and whole brain atrophy in MS, but interpretation needs to account for comorbidities including impaired renal function, diabetes, and smoking.Study funding was provided from the National Institutes of Health (K23NS117883 to E.S.S.; K01MH121582 to K.C.F.; U01NS111678 to P.A.C.), National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RG-1904-33834 to E.S.S.; RG-1904-33800 to P.A.C.), and Biogen
DeepHeart: Semi-Supervised Sequence Learning for Cardiovascular Risk Prediction
We train and validate a semi-supervised, multi-task LSTM on 57,675
person-weeks of data from off-the-shelf wearable heart rate sensors, showing
high accuracy at detecting multiple medical conditions, including diabetes
(0.8451), high cholesterol (0.7441), high blood pressure (0.8086), and sleep
apnea (0.8298). We compare two semi-supervised train- ing methods,
semi-supervised sequence learning and heuristic pretraining, and show they
outperform hand-engineered biomarkers from the medical literature. We believe
our work suggests a new approach to patient risk stratification based on
cardiovascular risk scores derived from popular wearables such as Fitbit, Apple
Watch, or Android Wear.Comment: Presented at AAAI 201
Glial fibrillary acidic protein and multiple sclerosis progression independent of acute inflammation
Background:
The clinical relevance of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP) concentration as a biomarker of MS disability progression independent of acute inflammation has yet to be quantified.//
Objective:
To test whether baseline values and longitudinal changes in sGFAP concentration are associated with disability progression without detectable relapse of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) inflammatory activity in participants with secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS).//
Methods:
We retrospectively analyzed longitudinal sGFAP concentration and clinical outcome data from the Phase 3 ASCEND trial of participants with SPMS, with no detectable relapse or MRI signs of inflammatory activity at baseline nor during the study (n = 264). Serum neurofilament (sNfL), sGFAP, T2 lesion volume, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW), 9-Hole Peg Test (9HPT), and composite confirmed disability progression (CDP) were measured. Linear and logistic regressions and generalized estimating equations were used in the prognostic and dynamic analyses.//
Results:
We found a significant cross-sectional association between baseline sGFAP and sNfL concentrations and T2 lesion volume. No or weak correlations between sGFAP concentration and changes in EDSS, T25FW, and 9HPT, or CDP were observed.//
Conclusion:
Without inflammatory activity, changes in sGFAP concentration in participants with SPMS were neither associated with current nor predictive of future disability progression./
Immunoglobulin G immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in people living with multiple sclerosis within Multiple Sclerosis Partners Advancing Technology and Health Solutions
The impact of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination response is uncertain. Post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination blood samples across multiple DMTs were tested for SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) response. Three hundred twenty-two people with MS were included; 91.9% received an mRNA vaccine. Post-vaccination reactive IgG rates (IgG index > 1) were 40% for anti-CD20 (32/80 patients); 41% for sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators (S1PRM, 16/39); and 100% for all other classes, including the no DMT group. Anti-CD20 therapies and S1PRMs reduce IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination; IgG response is preserved with other DMTs
A case of fatal ephedra intake associated with lipofuscin accumulation, caspase activation and cleavage of myofibrillary proteins
Ephedra, a herb reported to suppress appetite and stimulate the sympathetic nervous system as well as cardiac performance, has recently been related to several adverse events, including seizure, stroke, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Here, we describe the case of a 45âyearâold woman who died of cardiovascular collapse while taking ephedra. Tissue analysis revealed nonâspecific degenerative alterations in the myocardium (lipofuscin accumulation, basophilic degeneration and vacuolation of myocytes, as well as myofibrillary loss), associated with myocyte apoptosis, caspase activation, and extensive cleavage of miofibrillary proteins αâactin, αâactinin, and cardiac troponin T. Healthcare professionals are therefore urged to warn their patients about the risk of serious adverse effects, which may follow ephedra intake.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/102708/1/ejhf2004-09-012.pd
Aging negatively impacts the ability of megakaryocytes to stimulate osteoblast proliferation and bone mass
Osteoblast number and activity decreases with aging, contributing to the age-associated decline of bone mass, but the mechanisms underlying changes in osteoblast activity are not well understood. Here, we show that the age-associated bone loss critically depends on impairment of the ability of megakaryocytes (MKs) to support osteoblast proliferation. Co-culture of osteoblast precursors with young MKs is known to increase osteoblast proliferation and bone formation. However, co-culture of osteoblast precursors with aged MKs resulted in significantly fewer osteoblasts compared to co-culture with young MKs, and this was associated with the downregulation of transforming growth factor beta. In addition, the ability of MKs to increase bone mass was attenuated during aging as transplantation of GATA1low/low hematopoietic donor cells (which have elevated MKs/MK precursors) from young mice resulted in an increase in bone mass of recipient mice compared to transplantation of young wild-type donor cells, whereas transplantation of GATA1low/low donor cells from old mice failed to enhance bone mass in recipient mice compared to transplantation of old wild-type donor cells. These findings suggest that the preservation or restoration of the MK-mediated induction of osteoblast proliferation during aging may hold the potential to prevent age-associated bone loss and resulting fractures
Chimeric 2C10R4 anti-CD40 antibody therapy is critical for long-term survival of GTKO.hCD46.hTBM pig-to-primate cardiac xenograft
Preventing xenograft rejection is one of the greatest challenges of transplantation medicine. Here, we describe a reproducible, long-term survival of cardiac xenografts from alpha 1-3 galactosyltransferase gene knockout pigs, which express human complement regulatory protein CD46 and human thrombomodulin (GTKO.hCD46.hTBM), that were transplanted into baboons. Our immunomodulatory drug regimen includes induction with anti-thymocyte globulin and alpha CD20 antibody, followed by maintenance with mycophenolate mofetil and an intensively dosed alpha CD40 (2C10R4) antibody. Median (298 days) and longest (945 days) graft survival in five consecutive recipients using this regimen is significantly prolonged over our recently established survival benchmarks (180 and 500 days, respectively). Remarkably, the reduction of aCD40 antibody dose on day 100 or after 1 year resulted in recrudescence of anti-pig antibody and graft failure. In conclusion, genetic modifications (GTKO.hCD46.hTBM) combined with the treatment regimen tested here consistently prevent humoral rejection and systemic coagulation pathway dysregulation, sustaining long-term cardiac xenograft survival beyond 900 days
Molecular Biomarkers for the Evaluation of Colorectal Cancer
Objectives: To develop evidence-based guideline recommendations through a systematic review of the literature to establish standard molecular biomarker testing of colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues to guide epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapies and conventional chemotherapy regimens
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