An FPGA implementation of pattern-Selective pyramidal image fusion

The aim of image fusion is to combine multiple images (from one or more sensors) into a single composite image that retains all useful data without introducing artefacts. Pattern-selective techniques attempt to identify and extract whole features in the source images to use in the composite. These techniques usually rely on multiresolution image representations such as Gaussian pyramids, which are localised in both the spatial and spatial-frequency domains, since they enable identification of features at many scales simultaneously. This paper presents an FPGA implementation of pyramidal decomposition and subsequent fusion of dual video streams. This is the first reported instance of a hardware implementation of pattern-selective pyramidal image fusion. Use of FPGA technology has enabled a design that can fuse dual video streams (greyscale VGA, 30fps) in real-time, and provides approximately 100 times speedup over a 2.8GHz Pentium-

Diving into the vertical dimension of elasmobranch movement ecology

Knowledge of the three-dimensional movement patterns of elasmobranchs is vital to understand their ecological roles and exposure to anthropogenic pressures. To date, comparative studies among species at global scales have mostly focused on horizontal movements. Our study addresses the knowledge gap of vertical movements by compiling the first global synthesis of vertical habitat use by elasmobranchs from data obtained by deployment of 989 biotelemetry tags on 38 elasmobranch species. Elasmobranchs displayed high intra- and interspecific variability in vertical movement patterns. Substantial vertical overlap was observed for many epipelagic elasmobranchs, indicating an increased likelihood to display spatial overlap, biologically interact, and share similar risk to anthropogenic threats that vary on a vertical gradient. We highlight the critical next steps toward incorporating vertical movement into global management and monitoring strategies for elasmobranchs, emphasizing the need to address geographic and taxonomic biases in deployments and to concurrently consider both horizontal and vertical movements

A real-time implementation of Richardson-Lucy deconvolution

Deconvolution is an important technique in image processing that may be used to recover images that have been subjected to a blurring process, usually caused by atmospheric effects or limitations of the image capturing equipment. Noise in the image data means that the problem is ill-posed, and thus mathematically complex statistical estimation techniques must be employed. This complexity, and the high throughput levels required for video data, renders a real-time software implementation unfeasible, however the parallelism of FPGA devices makes them an ideal medium. In this paper an FPGA implementation of an accelerated Richardson-Lucy deconvolution algorithm will be presented. The design uses multistage separable filters as a hardware efficient means of implementing the several large 2D convolutions that are required. The results show that real-time full scene deconvolution is viable with today's FPGA technology

Evolution of the diatoms: insights from fossil, biological and molecular data

Molecular sequence analyses have yielded many important insights into diatom evolution, but there have been few attempts to relate these to the extensive fossil record of diatoms, probably because of unfamiliarity with the data available, which are scattered widely through the geological literature. We review the main features of molecular phylogenies and concentrate on the correspondence between these and the fossil record; we also review the evolution of major morphological, cytological and life cycle characteristics, and possible diatom origins. The first physical remains of diatoms are from the Jurassic, and well-preserved, diverse floras are available from the Lower Cretaceous. Though these are unequivocally identifiable as centric diatoms, none except a possible Stephanopyxis can be unequivocally linked to lineages of extant diatoms, although it is almost certain that members of the Coscinodiscophyceae (radial centrics) and Mediophyceae (polar centrics) were present; some display curious morphological features that hint at an unorthodox cell division mechanism and life cycle. It seems most likely that the earliest diatoms were marine, but recently discovered fossil deposits hint that episodes of terrestrial colonization may have occurred in the Mesozoic, though the main invasion of freshwaters appears to have been delayed until the Cenozoic. By the Upper Cretaceous, many lineages are present that can be convincingly related to extant diatom taxa. Pennate diatoms appear in the late Cretaceous and raphid diatoms in the Palaeocene, though molecular phylogenies imply that raphid diatoms did in fact evolve considerably earlier. Recent evidence shows that diatoms are substantially underclassified at the species level, with many semicryptic or cryptic species to be recognized; however, there is little prospect of being able to discriminate between such taxa in fossil material

Adhesive properties of an outer structure of Clostridium perfringens type A isolated from piglets with with catarrhal enteritis Propriedades adesivas de uma estrutura externa de Clostridium perfringens tipo A isolada de leitões com enterite catarral

One strain (S32) of Clostridium perfringens type A was isolated from a case of catarrhal enteritis of piglets. This strain was able to adhere to HeLa cells showing an adherence index (AI) of 25.15 ± 1.26 (mean ± 1 standard error of the mean). Treatment of the bacterial cells with trypsin (0.25mg/ml) decreased in 70%-80% the AI and metaperiodate (10mg/ml) abolished completely the adherence, suggesting that the structure responsible for this phenomenon was probably a glycoprotein. Heating of bacterial suspensions (100ºC/5 min) before carrying out the adhesion test decreased the AI rendering it equal to the negative controls. Rabbit homologous S32 antiserum inhibited the adherence up to dilutions of 1: 640, at least. The piglet ileal loop assay, carried out with strains S32 and Jab-1 (negative control) demonstrated that the strain S32 was able to adhere to the intestinal epithelial cells when examined after Gram staining. Transmission electron microcopy (TEM) demonstrated that S32 strain displayed a loose fibrillar material not seen with Jab-1. Stabilization of the bacterial cells with homologous antiserum of strain S32, followed by staining with rhuteniun red, revealed loose long fibrillar material on the outer surface of the cells, that sometimes could be seen spreading out from the cells and linking bacterial cells. The question whether this structure might be an adhesin for this strain of Cl. perfringes type A, perhaps playing a role in the pathogenesis of the catarrhal enteritis of piglets, is dependent on further studies.<br>Uma amostra (S32) de Clostridium perfringens tipo A foi isolada de um caso de enterite catarral em leitões. Esta amostra foi capaz de aderir a células HeLa mostrando um índice de adesão (AI) de 25,15 ± 1,26 (media ± 1 erro padrão da media). Tratamento das células bacterianas com tripsina (0,25mg/ml) diminuiu 70%-80% e metaperiodato (10mg/ml) aboliu significantemente a adesão, sugerindo que a estrutura responsável por esta adesão era provavelmente uma glicoproteína. O tratamento pelo calor das suspensões bacterianas (100ºC/5min) diminuiu o AI ao nível dos controles negativos. Soro de coelho anti-S32 inibiu a aderência a células HeLa até a diluição de 1:640, pelo menos. O teste da alça ligada de leitão recem nascido demonstrou que a amostra S32 era capaz de aderir às células epiteliais intestinais, conforme demonstrado pela coloração de Gram de secções histológicas do intestino dos animais inoculados. O estudo em Microscópio Eletrônico de Transmissão demonstrou que a amostra S32 de Cl. perfringens mostrava um material de natureza fibrilar frouxa, ao contrário da amostra Jab-1 (controle negativo) que demonstrava uma aparência "nua ou lisa". A estabilização das células bacterianas com antissoro homólogo (S32), seguida de coloração com vermelho de rutenio, revelou de maneira mais nítida que longos materiais fibrilares, de aparência frouxa, se estendendo para longe da célula bacteriana, ligando por vezes estas células entre si. A possibilidade desta estrutura ser uma adesina para esta amostra de Cl. perfringens tipo A, talvez desempenhando um papel na patogenia da enterite catarral de leitões, depende de mais estudos