A network approach to overcoming barriers to market engagement for SMEs in energy efficiency initiatives such as the Green Deal

The Green Deal (GD) was launched in 2013 by the UK Government as a market-led scheme to encourage uptake of energy efficiency measures in the UK and create green sector jobs. The scheme closed in July 2015 after 30 months due to government concerns over low uptake and industry standards but additional factors potentially contributed to its failure such as poor scheme design and lack of understanding of the customer and supply chain journey. We explore the role of key delivery agents of GD services, specifically SMEs, and we use the LoCal-Net project as a case study to examine the use of networks to identify and reduce barriers to SME market engagement. We find that SMEs experienced multiple barriers to interaction with the GD such as lack of access to information, training, and confusion over delivery of the scheme but benefited from interaction with the network to access information, improve understanding of the scheme, increasing networking opportunities and forming new business models and partnerships to reduce risk. The importance of SMEs as delivery agents and their role in the design of market-led schemes such as the GD are discussed with recommendations for improving SME engagement in green sector initiatives

Vocational training and knowledge development:a deeper understanding

Construction management research literature has identified the importance of understanding the practical realities of skills and training provision and the role of reflective practice in the development of knowledge. This paper examines vocational training of experienced site staff in the development of their knowledge through SVQ training to investigate the primary factors for successful learning in site-based construction staff with a supervisory/management role. Using semi-structured interviews the impact of vocational training on individual candidates and other sitebased staff are investigated. The paper explores, through the reflections of 26 SVQ candidates (20 SVQ3 and 6 SVQ4), a deeper understanding of how site supervisors and site managers learn through the SVQ process and develop tacit knowledge through formal reflection. Reflective practice develops practical wisdom (Phronesis). The investigation explains aspects of practical wisdom and how knowledge, practice and skills are developed through vocational training. There is a clear perception by those completing the qualification that it has enabled them to perform their job better identifying numerous examples relating to problem solving, critical thinking, making decisions and leadership. It has been found that Phronesis is evident on a day-to-day basis on site activities developed through reflective practice in personal development. The reflective practice in developing knowledge also builds, within individuals, a better understanding of themselves and their capabilities through the learning achieved in the SVQ. Future work is identified around analysing the role of the assessor in facilitating Phronesis in the SVQ context

Carotenoids are the likely precursor of a significant fraction of marine dissolved organic matter.

The ocean's biota sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in part by producing dissolved organic matter (DOM) that persists in the ocean for millennia. This long-term accumulation of carbon may be facilitated by abiotic and biotic production of chemical structures that resist degradation, consequently contributing disproportionately to refractory DOM. Compounds that are selectively preserved in seawater were identified in solid-phase extracted DOM (PPL-DOM) using comprehensive gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). These molecules contained cyclic head groups that were linked to isoprenoid tails, and their overall structures closely resembled carotenoid degradation products (CDP). The origin of these compounds in PPL-DOM was further confirmed with an in vitro β-carotene photooxidation experiment that generated water-soluble CDP with similar structural characteristics. The molecular-level identification linked at least 10% of PPL-DOM carbon, and thus 4% of total DOM carbon, to CDP. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of experimental CDP and environmental PPL-DOM overlapped considerably, which indicated that even a greater proportion of PPL-DOM was likely composed of CDP. The CDP-rich DOM fraction was depleted in radiocarbon (14C age > 1500 years), a finding that supports the possible long-term accumulation of CDP in seawater. By linking a specific class of widespread biochemicals to refractory DOM, this work provides a foundation for future studies that aim to examine how persistent DOM forms in the ocean

Pushing coarse-grained models beyond the continuum limit using equation learning

Mathematical modelling of biological population dynamics often involves proposing high fidelity discrete agent-based models that capture stochasticity and individual-level processes. These models are often considered in conjunction with an approximate coarse-grained differential equation that captures population-level features only. These coarse-grained models are only accurate in certain asymptotic parameter regimes, such as enforcing that the time scale of individual motility far exceeds the time scale of birth/death processes. When these coarse-grained models are accurate, the discrete model still abides by conservation laws at the microscopic level, which implies that there is some macroscopic conservation law that can describe the macroscopic dynamics. In this work, we introduce an equation learning framework to find accurate coarse-grained models when standard continuum limit approaches are inaccurate. We demonstrate our approach using a discrete mechanical model of epithelial tissues, considering a series of four case studies that illustrate how we can learn macroscopic equations describing mechanical relaxation, cell proliferation, and the equation governing the dynamics of the free boundary of the tissue. While our presentation focuses on this biological application, our approach is more broadly applicable across a range of scenarios where discrete models are approximated by approximate continuum-limit descriptions. All code and data to reproduce this work are available at https://github.com/DanielVandH/StepwiseEQL.jl.Comment: 42 pages, 18 figure

Epigenetic age prediction and rejuvenation

Ageing is a complex, multi-faceted process that afflicts all humans. It invariably increases susceptibility to a range of diseases such as cancer and neurological disorders. Drugs that mimic calorie restriction show promise in slowing down ageing, but very few treatments appear to be able to actively reverse ageing. Partially reprogrammed stem cells have shown potential as an anti-ageing therapy when used to safely rejuvenate mice without tumour incidence. The question remained as to what exactly occurred at a cellular level. Were a subpopulation of cells dedifferentiating, or partially dedifferentiating and causing a rejuvenative effect by being more stem-like? Or, were the cells epigenetically rejuvenated, where cells became more youthful without loss of somatic cell identity? To test either of these hypotheses, two biomarkers were required to track (i) biological ageing and (ii) dedifferentiation state. By analysing a previously published dataset of fibroblasts dedifferentiating to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) over a 49-day time-course, I helped assess the dynamics of cellular ageing. Epigenetic age was used a proxy for biological age, while RNA microarray data was used to assess the state of dedifferentiation (ie. by comparing fibroblast specific gene expression with pluripotency gene markers). Partially reprogrammed cells (between days 7 and 15 of dedifferentiation) declined in predicted age (also known as epigenetic age, eAge), while somatic cell identity was maintained. This shows that loss of somatic gene expression and epigenetic age follow different kinetics, suggesting that they can be uncoupled and a possible “safe period” exists where rejuvenation can be achieved with a minimized risk of cancer. While epigenetic clocks appear to confer biological age in many respects, their true underlying function remains a mystery, and the precise aspects of ageing they capture is unclear. For example, differences between epigenetic age and chronological age that are associated with ageing disease states, could be caused by biological and technical biases. Biological biases can arise from mutations affecting the DNA methylation machinery, resulting in global sweeps in methylation. Technical biases may arise from errors in bisulphite (BS) conversion, which could cause a slight overestimation in percentage methylation and therefore alter eAge estimates. To explore how robust the epigenetic clocks are to sweeps of global methylation, incremental increases and decreases of global methylation were simulated in a large cohort. I showed that epigenetic clocks are not impervious to gradual, global changes in methylation. I also showed how discrete alterations in methylation state can cause a significant difference in eAge compared to a control group, which conceivably could occur in experiments testing rare genetic diseases. I also present an epigenetic clock based on average methylation over genomic regions, rather than individual CpGs. This clock provides a more robust method of predicting age, which may pave the way for more accurate age predictors using mouse RRBS data. This thesis has demonstrated that epigenetic clocks are invaluable tools for exploring health-span extending therapies. However, caution must be taken when analysing epigenetic data, as mutations and technical issues may confound analysis. Nonetheless, epigenetic clocks have shown great potential in the molecular ageing field. By understanding the precise nature of eAge, avenues to achieve therapeutic anti-ageing therapies may also be achieved

Mean exit time for diffusion on irregular domains

Many problems in physics, biology, and economics depend upon the duration of time required for a diffusing particle to cross a boundary. As such, calculations of the distribution of first passage time, and in particular the mean first passage time, is an active area of research relevant to many disciplines. Exact results for the mean first passage time for diffusion on simple geometries, such as lines, discs and spheres, are well--known. In contrast, computational methods are often used to study the first passage time for diffusion on more realistic geometries where closed--form solutions of the governing elliptic boundary value problem are not available. Here, we develop a perturbation solution to calculate the mean first passage time on irregular domains formed by perturbing the boundary of a disc or an ellipse. Classical perturbation expansion solutions are then constructed using the exact solutions available on a disc and an ellipse. We apply the perturbation solutions to compute the mean first exit time on two naturally--occurring irregular domains: a map of Tasmania, an island state of Australia, and a map of Taiwan. Comparing the perturbation solutions with numerical solutions of the elliptic boundary value problem on these irregular domains confirms that we obtain a very accurate solution with a few terms in the series only. Matlab software to implement all calculations is available on GitHub.Comment: 31pages, 12 figure

The Glucose Model of Mediation: Physiological Bases of Willpower as Important Explanations for Common Mediation Behavior

Success in life requires the ability to resist urges and control behavior. This ability is commonly called “willpower,” the capacity to overcome impulses and engage in conscious acts of self-control. Social psychologists believe willpower is a finite resource dependent on physiological bases including glucose (from food and drink), sleep and other forms of rest, and the absence of stress. In short, people who are hungry, exhausted, or highly stressed tend to have less willpower than those who are well-fed, well-rested, and relatively stress-free. In addition, a person who exerts self-control (uses willpower) tends to reduce temporarily the amount of willpower remaining, so decision-making and other aspects of self-control are weakened during this depleted state. Restoring willpower (and thus restoring decision-making abilities) can often be achieved by physiological replenishment, such as: ingesting glucose, sleep (and other forms of rest) and breaks from stress. The physiological bases of willpower combine with the importance of deadlines to offer a compelling explanation for why so many mediations follow a predictable pattern. Most significantly, the physiological bases of willpower go a long way to explaining why many mediations scheduled for a single day begin with stalwart opening positions and end with a signed settlement agreement late in the day. This Article provides a physiological explanation of typical mediation behavior and shows that an awareness of physiology reveals ethical issues with current mediation practice. Part I of this Article discusses the science, specifically the Strength and Glucose Models of Self-Control and their applications across studies of medicine, morality and negotiation. Part II outlines the course of a typical daylong mediation and shows the extent to which common mediation behavior is well-explained by the physiology of willpower when people are operating under deadlines. Part III examines the significance of the Glucose Model of Mediation by identifying ethical issues relating to willpower depletion in mediation