Alterações bioquímicas e celulares causadas pela hipóxia-isquemia neonatal : contribuição do dimorfismo sexual

A hipóxia-isquemia (HI) encefálica é uma das causas mais frequentes de lesões graves com comprometimento crônico das capacidades neurológicas e também de óbito neonatal do mundo. A HI cerebral resulta em alterações hemodinâmicas, bioquímicas e neurofisiológicas como uma consequência direta da falta de oxigênio e glicose. Esses processos podem levar a um dano cerebral por meio da ativação de mecanismos citotóxicos e apoptóticos, que causam prejuízo e morte à célula. Recentemente, alguns estudos mostraram que os danos gerados pela HI neonatal apresentam dimorfismo sexual. Na presente tese, foram avaliados os efeitos da HI neonatal sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo e de dano celular após a lesão encefálica em machos e fêmeas a fim de se detectar a contribuição do dimorfismo sexual para a lesão. Foi observado que a HI aumentou a produção de radicais livres causando peroxidação lipídica, e também aumentou a atividade da enzima antioxidante superóxido dismutase (1h e 2h após a HI). Além disso, a HI inibiu a atividade da enzima Na+, K+-ATPase imediatamente após a lesão. Estes dados demonstram que a HI foi capaz de induzir o estresse oxidativo e levar à perda de homeostase celular através da alteração no controle da bomba de Na+ e K+ no encéfalo dos neonatos após a lesão. Tendo em vista que a mitocôndria é a principal fonte de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) na célula nós investigamos os efeitos da HI sobre a função mitocondrial. Machos e fêmeas expostos à HI apresentaram diminuição na atividade do complexo II da cadeia respiratória em hipocampo, além de diminuição da massa e do potencial de membrana (Δψ) mitocondrial tanto no córtex quanto no hipocampo, 2h após o insulto. Por outro lado, em 18h, a atividade dos complexos (I-III, II e IV) da cadeia respiratória mostrou uma inibição severa que foi acompanhada de diminuição de massa e Δψ mitocondrial em ambos os sexos, exceto pelo fato dos machos não apresentarem diminuição na massa mitocondrial. Esses dados mostram que a formação de espécies reativas bem como a peroxidação lipídica ocorre provavelmente devido à inibição da atividade dos complexos da cadeia respiratória. Tão importante quanto a disfunção mitocondrial induzida pela HI, os resultados apontam a presença de dimorfismo sexual neste parâmetro avaliado, uma vez que as fêmeas, além de apresentarem uma atividade dos complexos da cadeia respiratória per se maior quando comparadas aos machos, elas mostraram-se mais vulneráveis ao dano da HI. Com a finalidade de identificar a possível contribuição da autofagia para as diferentes alterações mitocondriais encontradas em machos e fêmeas, a atividade autofágica foi mensurada nos neonatos 18h após a lesão. Nós constatamos que as alterações encontradas – estresse oxidativo e disfunção mitocondrial – foram capazes de induzir a atividade autofágica. Entretanto esta se manifestou de forma distinta em córtex e hipocampo e também de maneira diferente em machos e fêmeas. No córtex, as fêmeas submetidas à HI tiveram aumento no número de autofagossomos (ativação da autofagia), porém diminuição dos autolisossomos, demonstrando uma possível inibição de algum passo final do processo. Já no hipocampo, os machos submetidos à HI tiveram indução da autofagia e as fêmeas apresentaram um aumento per se da atividade autofágica tanto nos animais controle quanto nos HI. É possível que o aumento das EROs pela cadeia respiratória e a perda de Δψ mitocondrial tenham induzido a autofagia após a lesão causada pela HI no encéfalo dos neonatos. Essas diferenças sexo-específicas são importantes não somente para entendermos o mecanismo de dano causado pelo insulto, mas também para direcionarmos os estudos sobre as estratégias terapêuticas de acordo com o sexo do indivíduo afetado.Brain hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is one of the most common causes of severe chronic impairment of neurological abilities and also neonatal death in the world. Brain HI results in hemodynamic, biochemical and neurophysiological changes as a direct consequence of oxygen and glucose absence. These processes can lead to brain damage through activation of cytotoxic and apoptotic mechanisms, which cause injury and death to the cell. Recently, some studies have shown that the damage caused by neonatal HI presents sexual dimorphism. In this thesis, it was evaluated the effects of neonatal HI on oxidative stress parameters and cell damage after brain lesion in males and females to verify sexual dimorphism contribution to the lesion. It was observed that HI increased free radicals production leading to lipid peroxidation and also increased superoxide dismutase activity (1h and 2h after HI). Besides, HI inhibited Na+, K+-ATPase activity immediately after injury. These data demonstrated that HI was able to induce oxidative stress and lead to cell homeostase loss through modifications on Na+ and K+ pump control in neonatal brain after injury. Considering that mitochondria are the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell we investigated the effects of HI on mitochondrial function. Males and females exposed to HI showed a decrease in complex II activity of hippocampal respiratory chain in addition to diminished mass and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ) in both cortex and hippocampus, 2h after insult. On the other hand, at 18h activity of respiratory chain complexes (I-III, II e IV) showed a severe inhibition that was accompanied by a decrease of mitochondrial mass and Δψ in both sexes, except that males do not show decrease in mitochondrial mass. These data demonstrated that reactive species formation and lipid peroxidation probably occur due to inhibition of respiratory chain complexes activities. Just as important as mitochondrial dysfunction induced by HI, results indicate the presence of sexual dimorphism on this parameter, since females, besides having a higher per se activity of respiratory chain complexes compared to males, they were more vulnerable to HI damage. In order to identify the possible contribution of autophagy to the distinct mitochondrial alterations found in males and females, autophagic activity was measured in neonates 18h after injury. We verify that changes found – namely oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction - were able to induce autophagic activity. However, it manifested differently in cortex and hippocampus and also in males and females. In the cortex, females subjected to HI had an increase in autophagosomes (activation of autophagy), but decreased autolysosomes, showing a possible inhibition of a final step of the process. On hippocampus, males subjected to HI had autophagy induction and females showed a per se increase in autophagic activity in both control and HI animals. It is possible that ROS increased in respiratory chain and loss of mitochondrial Δψ had induced autophagy after lesion caused by HI in the neonatal brain. These sex-specific differences are important not only to understand the mechanism of damage caused by HI insult, but also to direct studies on the therapeutic strategies according to the sex of the affected subject

A new device for step-down inhibitory avoidance task--effects of low and high frequency in a novel device for passive inhibitory avoidance task that avoids bioimpedance variations.

Step-down inhibitory avoidance task has been widely used to evaluate aversive memory, but crucial parameters inherent to traditional devices that may influence the behavior analysis (as stimulus frequency, animal's bioimpedance) are frequently neglected.We developed a new device for step-down inhibitory avoidance task by modifying the shape and distribution of the stainless steel bars in the box floor where the stimuli are applied. The bars are 2 mm wide, with rectangular shape, arranged in pairs at intervals of 1cm from the next pairs. Each pair makes an electrical dipole where the polarity inverts after each pulse. This device also presents a component that acquires and records the exact current received by the animal foot and precisely controls the frequency of stimulus applied during the entire experiment.Different from conventional devices, this new apparatus increases the contact surface with bars and animal's paws, allowing the electric current pass through the animal's paws only, drastically reducing the influence of animal's bioimpedance. The analysis of recorded data showed that the current received by the animal was practically the same as applied, independent of the animal's body composition. Importantly, the aversive memory was observed at specific stimuli intensity and frequency (0.35 or 0.5 mA at 62 and 125 Hz but not at 0.20 mA or 20 Hz). Moreover, with this device it was possible to observe the well-known step-down inhibitory avoidance task memory impairment induced by guanosine.This new device offers a substantial improvement for behavioral analysis in step-down inhibitory avoidance task and allows us to precisely compare data from different animals with distinct body composition

Plots of current intensity at 62Hz passing through the animal’s paws or resistor.

<p>Different groups were represented by white, light gray or dark gray bars: 150Kohms resistor (no animal in the apparatus), female rats (3 months; 280–320g) or male rats (3 months; 310–360g), respectively. In insert graphic the effective current passing by animal body in traditional apparatus of inhibitory avoidance, nominal current 0.4mA. The standard data represents mean±S.D. Analyses by Mann-Whitney test; n = 5 animals/group/current supplied and 5 measurements for each animal. No significant difference was observed among the groups. Insert graphic, 8 animals, 3 measurements for each animal.</p

Effects of frequency (Hz) with 0.35mA current intensity in step-down inhibitory avoidance latencies.

<p>A- Effects of frequency (Hz) on step down latency in training session (T), latency for escape (E), step down latency in test session (24h), and score performance (B—the combination of the 3 parameters by applying the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0116000#pone.0116000.e002" target="_blank">Equation 2</a>).**P<0.01; ***p<0.001, by Mann-Whitney, comparing to the same group in A. Data represent median with interquartile range (n = 10/group).</p

Number of animals (n = 10 per group) receiving 3 consecutive bursts of current (0.35 or 0.8mA, 62 Hz), measured for 1 s.

<p>Number of animals (n = 10 per group) receiving 3 consecutive bursts of current (0.35 or 0.8mA, 62 Hz), measured for 1 s.</p

Description of the observed behavioral responsesduring the test and training sessions.

<p>+ one episode,</p><p>++ between two and four episodes,</p><p>+++ more than four episodes; in test the absolute number during the session.</p><p>Description of the observed behavioral responsesduring the test and training sessions.</p