New Raffaelea species (Ophiostomatales) from the USA and Taiwan associated with ambrosia beetles and plant hosts

Raffaelea (Ophiostomatales) is a genus of more than 20 ophiostomatoid fungi commonly occurring in symbioses with wood-boring ambrosia beetles. We examined ambrosia beetles and plant hosts in the USA and Taiwan for the presence of these mycosymbionts and found 22 isolates representing known and undescribed lineages in Raffaelea. From 28S rDNA and β-tubulin sequences, we generated a molecular phylogeny of Ophiostomatales and observed morphological features of seven cultures representing undescribed lineages in Raffaelea s. lat. From these analyses, we describe five new species in Raffaelea s. lat.: R. aguacate, R. campbellii, R. crossotarsa, R. cyclorhipidia, and R. xyleborina spp. nov. Our analyses also identified two plantpathogenic species of Raffaelea associated with previously undocumented beetle hosts: (1) R. quercivora, the causative agent of Japanese oak wilt, from Cyclorhipidion ohnoi and Crossotarsus emancipatus in Taiwan, and (2) R. lauricola, the pathogen responsible for laurel wilt, from Ambrosiodmus lecontei in Florida. The results of this study show that Raffaelea and associated ophiostomatoid fungi have been poorly sampled and that future investigations on ambrosia beetle mycosymbionts should reveal a substantially increased diversity.The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service (FS)-SRS Coop agreement 14-CA-11330130-032, USDA-FS-FHP Coop agreement 12-CA-11420004-042, USDA Farm Bill agreement 12-8130-0377- CA, National Science Foundation grant DEB 1256968 and the Department of Science and Technology/ National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB), South Africa.http://www.imafungus.orgam2017Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)Microbiology and Plant Patholog

Large DNA viruses in early diverging fungal genomes are relics of past and present infections

Giant viruses of the phylum Nucleocytoviricota have captured researchers’ attention due to their increasingly recognized impacts on eukaryotic genome evolution. Their origins are hypothesized to predate or coincide with the diversification of eukaryotes and their natural hosts span the eukaryotic tree of life. But surprisingly, giant viruses have not been found in the fungal kingdom, though recent metagenomic work suggests a putative association. Here we show that early-diverging fungal lineages maintain both “viral fossils” and host active infections by giant viruses, which form a monophyletic clade that we name Mycodnaviridae . Viral genomes described here span up to 350kb and encode over 300 genes, including many genes characteristic of giant viruses. Interestingly, we observed variation in infection status among the isolates including apparent active infection and transcriptionally-suppressed states, suggestive that viral activation may be constrained to certain life stages of the host. Our experimental findings add to the scant few natural virus-host systems available in culture for the study of giant viruses. These viruses have likely shaped the early evolution of these fungal lineages and should prove a useful model for their study

Interactive tree from "A combined microscopy and single-cell sequencing approach reveals the ecology, morphology, and phylogeny of uncultured lineages of zoosporic fungi"

This figure is a Supplementary interactive tree from Seto et al. The tree shows a ribosomal RNA phylogeny of zoosporic fungi including those in blue which were derived from single cell analysis of fungal parasites.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/1/pursuit_tree.htmlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/2/01-map.csshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/3/Fig4-8_all_20230110.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/4/O.vermicola.jpeghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/5/PSC004.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/6/PSC008.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/7/PSC018.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/8/PSC022.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/9/PSC022.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/10/PSC025.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/11/PSC027.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/12/PSC028.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/13/PSC029.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/14/PSC032.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/15/PSC034.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/16/PSC037.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/17/PSC038.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/18/PSC040.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/19/PSC044.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/20/PSC046.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/21/PSC048.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/22/PSC049.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/23/PSC051.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/24/PSC055.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/25/PSC060.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/26/PSC063.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/27/PSC066.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/28/PSC070.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/29/PSC082.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/30/PSC085.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/31/PSC103.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/32/PSC112.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/33/PSC116.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/34/PSC117.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/35/PSC122.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/36/PSC124.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/37/PSC129.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/38/PSC142.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/39/PSC153.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/40/PSC156.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/41/PSC159.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/42/PSC162.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/43/PSC166.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/44/PSC184.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/45/PSC187.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/46/PSC189.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/47/PSC196.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/48/PSC197.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/49/PSC201.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/50/PSC204.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/51/PSC211.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/52/PSC216.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/53/PSC219.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/54/PSC224.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/55/PSC226.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/56/PSC228.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/57/PSC230.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/58/PSC233.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/59/PSC238.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/60/PSC242.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/61/PSC243.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/62/PSC247.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/63/PSC248.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/64/PSC249.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/65/PSC252.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/66/PSC253.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/67/PSC258.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/68/PSC259.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/69/PSC264.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/70/PSC266.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/71/PSC267.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/72/PSC269.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/73/PSC271.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/74/PSC275.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/75/PSC276.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/76/PSC281.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/77/PSC284.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/78/PSC285.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/79/PSC286.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/80/PSC287.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/81/PSC288.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/82/PSC289.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/83/PSC290.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/84/PSC290.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/85/PSC297.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/86/PSC299.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/87/PSC300.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/88/PSC301.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/89/PSC303.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/90/PSC303.jpghttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/175866/91/PSC309.jpgDescription of pursuit_tree.html : main fileDescription of 01-map.css : css fileDescription of Fig4-8_all_20230110.jpg : main treeDescription of O.vermicola.jpeg : O vermicolaSEL

An endogenous DNA virus in an amphibian-killing fungus associated with pathogen genotype and virulence

The global panzootic lineage (GPL) of the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has caused severe amphibian population declines, yet the drivers underlying the high frequency of GPL in regions of amphibian decline are unclear. Using publicly available Bd genome sequences, we identified multiple non-GPL Bd isolates that contain a circular Rep-encoding single-stranded (CRESS)-like DNA virus, which we named Bd DNA virus 1 (BdDV-1). We further sequenced and constructed genome assemblies with long read sequences to find that the virus is integrated into the nuclear genome in some strains. Attempts to cure virus-positive isolates were unsuccessful; however, phenotypic differences between naturally virus-positive and virus-negative Bd isolates suggested that BdDV-1 decreases the growth of its host in vitro but increases the virulence of its host in vivo. BdDV-1 is the first-described CRESS DNA mycovirus of zoosporic true fungi, with a distribution inversely associated with the emergence of the panzootic lineage