Causes of morphological discontinuities in soils of Depressão Central, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Morphological, particularly textural, discontinuities between horizons increase soil erodibility in Depressão Central, Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil). Characterization of such discontinuities would help to understand landscape evolution and to model near-surface hydrology. The objective of this research was to explore the relationship between morphological discontinuity and deposition of transported materials during pedogenesis. Transported material was meant to be mineral particles found in the soil profile, transported probably by water or gravity, that were not present neither in the parent material nor derived from it. Five soils of this region (two Alfisols, two Ultisols and one Mollisol) were sampled and morphological, sand grain size statistics, chemical and mineralogical analyses were used to search for evidences of deposition of transported materials. Two soils had abrupt textural change but no evidence of deposition of transported materials, two soils had less contrasting morphology and some characteristics that are possibly related to deposition, and one soil had no morphological discontinuity, but had deposition of material enriched in magnetite-maghemite in the sand fraction of the A horizon. Therefore, there were no relationship between morphological discontinuity and deposition of transported materials for these profiles in the Depressão Central.Contrastes morfológicos entre horizontes, e particularmente os contrastes texturais, aumentam a erodibilidade do solo na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). A caracterização destes contrastes contribui para a compreensão da evolução da paisagem e para a modelagem da hidrologia de superfície. Cinco solos desta região foram amostrados e a morfologia, distribuição do tamanho de grãos da fração areia, análises químicas e mineralógicas foram usadas para tentativamente relacionar o contraste textural e morfológico com materiais transportados durante a pedogênese. Por materiais transportados entendem-se as partículas minerais presentes no perfil do solo, transportadas provavelmente por água ou gravidade, e que não estavam presentes nem no material de origem e nem foram derivadas deste. Dois solos apresentaram mudança textural abrupta sem evidências de deposição, dois solos apresentaram menor contraste morfológico e evidências que sustentam a possibilidade de deposição e um solo não apresentou contraste morfológico, porém as características indicam deposição de material rico em magnetita-maghemita na fração areia do horizonte A. Portanto, não foi encontrada relação entre descontinuidades morfológicas e deposição de materiais transportados, na Depressão Central

Ethnopedology of a Quilombola Community in Minas Gerais: Soils, Landscape, and Land Evaluation

Quilombolas are Afro-brazilian rural peasants who descended from escapedslaves who tried to carve out territories of autonomy (called Quilombos) by collective organization and resistance. Despite many anthropological and ethnopedological studies, little research has been carried out to identify the agricultural practices and the knowledge of people who live in the Quilombos (Quilombolas). Peasant communities who live from land resources have wide empirical knowledge related to local soils and landscapes. In this respect, ethnopedology focuses on their relationship with local practices, needs, and values. We carried out an ethnopedological evaluation of the soils, landscape and land suitability of the Malhada Grande Quilombola Territory, aiming to examine the local criteria involved in land-use decision making, and evaluate the legitimacy of local knowledge. For this purpose, participatory workshops allowed environmental stratification of the Quilombolas into landscape units, recognition of soil types, and evaluation of land-use criteria. This approach was combined with conventional soil sampling, description, and analysis. The Brazilian System of Soil Classification and its approximations to the WRB/FAO system andthe SAAT land evaluation system were compared with the local classificatory systems, showing several convergences. The Quilombolas stratified the local environment into eight landscape units (based on soil, topography, and vegetation) and identified eight soil types with distinct morphological, chemical, and physical attributes. The conventional soil survey identified thirteen soil classes, in the same eight landscape units, organized as soil associations. The apparent contradictions between local knowledge and Pedology were relative since the classification systems were established based on different criteria, goals, and sampling references. Most soils are only suitable for pasture, with restricted Agricultural use, due to water or oxygen deficiencies. The current land use was only inconsistent with the technical recommendations when socioecological constraints such as the semiarid climate, land availability, and economic conditions for land management led to overuse of the land.Local knowledge demonstrated its legitimacy and allowed a useful and fruitful exchange of information with the academic view of soil-landscape interplays. Although mostly unknown by the scientific community, local knowledge proved capable of achieving social welfare and food security. In addition, a participatory survey proved to be a core factor for more grounded and detailed data collection on how Quilombolas decide land use on a local scale

Characterization and mapping of plant communities at Hennequin Point, King George Island, Antarctica

King George Island is the largest island and the principal area used for research bases in Antarctica. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Poland, Russia, South Korea and Uruguay have permanent open bases on this island. Other countries have seasonal summer stations on different parts of this island, which demonstrates that human impact is strong on King George Island relative to other areas in the maritime and continental Antarctica. The objective of this work was to present a phytosociological approach for ice-free areas of Hennequin Point, eastern coast of Admiralty Bay, King George Island. The study started with the classification and description of the plant communities based primarily on phytosociological and biodiversity data. The area was mapped using an Astech Promark II® DGPS, yielding sub-metric precision after post-processing with software. The plant communities were described as follows: (1) lichen and moss cushion formation; (2) moss carpet formation; (3) fellfield formation; (4) grass and cushion chamaephyte formation; and (5) Deschampsia Antarctica–lichen formation. Characterizations and distributions of the plant communities are presented on a map at a scale of 1:5000. The plant communities found at Hennequin Point, in general, differ from those found in other areas of the Admiralty Bay region, probably because of the concentration of skua nests in the area and the relief singularities. We conclude by highlighting the importance of the study of plant species found in the ice-free areas of the Antarctic with respect to environmental monitoring and for evaluating global climate and environmental changes

Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in relation to vegetation covers and bird activity in ice-free soils of Rip Point, Nelson Island, Antarctica

This study aimed to quantify the nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes at sites with different vegetation covers and where bird activity was present or absent using the static chamber method, on Rip Point, Nelson Island, maritime Antarctic. The sites were soils covered by Sanionia uncinata, lichens, Prasiola crispa, Deschampsia antarctica and bare soil. Seabirds used the P. crispa and D. antarctica sites as nesting areas. Soil mineral N contents, air and soil temperature and water-filled pore space were measured, and the content of total organic C and particulate organic C, total N, bulk density and texture were determined to identify controlling variables of the gas emissions. The N2O and CH4 flux rates were low for all sampling events. Mean N2O flux rates ranged from 0.11±1.93 up to 21.25±22.14 µg N2O m−2 h−1 for the soils under lichen and P. crispa cover, respectively. For the CH4 fluxes, only the P. crispa site showed a low positive mean (0.47±3.61 µg CH4 m−2 h−1). The bare soil showed the greatest absorption of CH4 (−11.92±5.7 µg CH4 m−2 h−1), probably favoured by the coarse soil texture. Bare soil and S. uncinata sites had N2O accumulated emissions close to zero. Net CH4 accumulated emission was observed only at the P. crispa site, which was correlated with NH4+ (p<0.001). These results indicate that seabird activity influences N2O and CH4 soil fluxes, while vegetation has little influence, and bare soil areas in maritime Antarctica could be greenhouse gas sinks

Caracterização de solos altimontanos em dois transectos no Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca (MG) Characterization of highland soils along two transects in the Ibitipoca State Park, Minas Gerais State

Pouco se conhece sobre a diversidade de solos em ambientes altimontanos do Brasil apesar da acentuada valorização ecoturística atual. Foram estudados atributos químicos, físicos, mineralógicos e micromorfológicos de dez perfis de solos altimontanos em dois transectos do domínio quartzítico do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, em MG, relacionando-os com a pedogênese nos diferentes pedoambientes. Nesse local, a formação dos solos é mais influenciada por elementos lito-estruturais (presença de rochas xistosas ou quartzíticas, falhas e fraturas) do que por variações topográficas. Os solos estudados são álicos, com saturação por Al superior a 60 % em superfície, eletronegativos e com acentuado distrofismo. A CTC é quase exclusivamente atribuível à fração orgânica, em virtude da atividade muito baixa da fração argila dos solos. Os resultados indicaram a presença destacada de formas pouco cristalinas de Fe, comuns em complexos rupestres de altitude, onde o acúmulo de carbono orgânico inibe a cristalização de óxidos de Fe ou Al. Os solos são cauliníticos, inclusive o Espodossolo Ferrocárbico, e alguns perfis evidenciam a ocorrência de minerais 2:1 do grupo das ilitas/micas e vermiculitas com hidróxi-entrecamadas (VHE), denotando a resistência desses minerais em condições de acentuado intemperismo de micas, presentes no quartzito. Análises micromorfológicas do Espodossolo mostram feições típicas do processo de podzolização: predomínio de grãos minerais quartzosos entremeados de fragmentos polimórficos de matéria orgânica em superfície, microestrutura em grãos simples com recobrimentos em Bh e Bs. Observou-se a presença de "ortstein" no horizonte espódico (Bs), formado por material organomineral ou mineral, monomórfico e fraturado, com Al, Si e Fe amorfos, co-precipitados. As feições micropedológicas do Bs são semelhantes às de horizontes plácicos, com duas gerações de deposição ferruginosa: uma mais avermelhada (ferridrita-hematita) e outra xantizada (goethita). O plasma intergranular do horizonte espódico apresenta zonas plásmicas diferenciadas, uma mais aluminosa, de composição caulinítica, e outra mais ferruginosa, rica em sílica, revelando uma participação de sílica coloidal amorfa na cimentação dos "ortstein" (ou horizontes plácicos) em associação ao cimento ferruginoso, no Espodossolo.<br>Little is known about the soil diversity of Brazilian highland regions, despite their recent upgrading in view of the ecotouristic potential of some areas. Chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological attributes of ten soil profiles along two transects in the quartzitic domains of the Ibitipoca State Park, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, were studied in relation to their pedogenesis. At local level, soil formation is more closely associated with litho-structural elements (lithology, faults and fractures), than with topographical variations. The soils are Al-saturated (> 60% at the surface), negatively charged, and markedly dystrophic. The existing CEC is almost entirely attributable to the organic matter contribution, in view of the very low clay fraction activity. Results revealed the marked presence of low crystallinity Fe-forms, commonly found in high altitude vegetation, where organic matter accumulation inhibits Fe and Al oxide crystallization. All soils are kaolinitic, even the ferrocarbic Spodosol, and some contain 2:1 clays such as illite and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite, indicating their resistance to weathering under the present pedoenvironmental conditions. Micromorphological analyses of the Spodosol presented typical features of a podzolization process: predominant quartz grain interbedded between polymorphic organic matter aggregates at the surface, single grain structure and presence of "ortstein" in the spodic horizon (Bs), formed by organic-mineral and mineral materials, monomorphic and fractured, with co-precipitated amorphous Al, Si and Fe. The micropedological features of the spodic Bs are similar to those of the "placic" horizon, with two depositional ferruginous covers; one reddish-brown (ferridrite and hematite) and the other yellowish (goethite). The intergranular plasma of the spodic horizon comprises two different plasmic zones: one of kaolinitic composition with a higher aluminium content, and a ferruginous one, richer in silica, suggesting an amorphous silica participation in the Fe-cemented ortstein (or placic) horizon of the Spodosol

Relationship between soil oxidizable carbon and physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of umbric ferralsols

The occurrence of Umbric Ferralsols with thick umbric epipedons (> 100 cm thickness) in humid Tropical and Subtropical areas is a paradox since the processes of organic matter decomposition in these environments are very efficient. Nevertheless, this soil type has been reported in areas in the Southeast and South of Brazil, and at some places in the Northeast. Aspects of the genesis and paleoenvironmental significance of these Ferralsols still need a better understanding. The processes that made the umbric horizons so thick and dark and contributed to the preservation of organic carbon (OC) at considerable depths in these soils are of special interest. In this study, eight Ferralsols with a thick umbric horizon (UF) under different vegetation types were sampled (tropical rain forest, tropical seasonal forest and savanna woodland) and their macromorphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties studied to detect soil characteristics that could explain the preservation of high carbon amounts at considerable depths. The studied UF are clayey to very clayey, strongly acidic, dystrophic, and Al-saturated and charcoal fragments are often scattered in the soil matrix. Kaolinites are the main clay minerals in the A and B horizons, followed by abundant gibbsite and hydroxyl-interlayered vermiculite. The latter was only found in UFs derived from basalt rock in the South of the country. Total carbon (TC) ranged from 5 to 101 g kg-1 in the umbric epipedon. Dichromate-oxidizable organic carbon represented nearly 75 % of TC in the thick A horizons, while non-oxidizable C, which includes recalcitrant C (e.g., charcoal), contributed to the remaining 25 % of TC. Carbon contents were not related to most of the inorganic soil variables studied, except for oxalate-extractable Al, which individually explained 69 % (P < 0.001) of the variability of TC in the umbric epipedon. Clay content was not suited as predictor of TC or of the other studied C forms. Bulk density, exchangeable Al3+, Al saturation, ECEC and other parameters obtained by selective extraction were not suitable as predictors of TC and other C forms. Interactions between organic matter and poorly crystalline minerals, as indicated by oxalate-extractable Al, appear to be one of the possible organic matter protection mechanisms of these soils