Amélioration de la croissance et des paramètres agronomiques du maïs (Zea mays L.) par des composts de déchets dans la carrière des calcaires de Sika-Kondji au Sud-Togo

Mineral resources exploitation is one of the main causes of soil degradation and pollution. Restoration of mines after exploitation is a priority of mining companies. In this work, we studied the possibility of using the putrescible and minerals wastes from a limestone plant of Sika-Kondji to fertilize the topsoil. Agronomic tests were conducted with corn to validate the potential of composts compared to a control. The results indicate that composts C1 (green waste), C2 (green waste + food) and C4 (food + green wastes + limestone and clay) allowed a good growth of plants relative to control. Plants grown on C2 and C4 composts presented the best agronomic performance. These composts are rich in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with a high electrical conductivity. These composts need to be improved and valued in the restoration program of Sika-Kondji mine.  Key words: Wastes, composts, restoration, topsoil, career, biodiversity.L’exploitation des ressources minières constitue l’une des causes principales de la dégradation et de la pollution du sol et tout ce qui le couvre. La restauration de la mine dans tous ses aspects après son exploitation est une préoccupation majeure des sociétés minières. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié la possibilité d’utiliser les déchets putrescibles et minéraux d’une usine de calcaire dans la fertilisation du sol du site. Un test agronomique a été réalisé sur le maïs afin de valider le potentiel fertilisant des composts. Les résultats indiquent que les composts C1 (déchets verts), C2 (déchets verts + alimentaires) et C4 (déchets verts + alimentaires + calcaires et argiles) ont permis une bonne croissance des plantes par rapport au témoin. Les plantes cultivées sur les composts C2 et C4 ont présenté les meilleures performances agronomiques. Ces composts sont riches en matière organique, azote, phosphore et potassium avec une forte conductivité électrique. Ces composts méritent d’être améliorés et valorisés dans le programme de restauration du sol de la carrière. Mots clés: Déchets, composts, restauration, topsol, carrière, biodiversité

Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of different parts of Ficus sur

Introduction: Ficus sur is a plant widely used in traditional pharmacopoeia in Togo. So, this study aimed the assessment of antioxidant properties and identification of some compounds from the ethanolic extracts of different parts of the plant (leaves, fruits, roots, and barks). Methods: The phenolic and flavonoid contents of the ethanolic extracts of different organs of Ficus sur were assessed using conventional known methods. The DPPH radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to highlight the antioxidant activities. The different extract samples were also analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole-time of flight mass detector (ESI-QTOF). Results: Total phenolic contents (TPCs) for 1 mg of dry extract ranged from 489.40 ± 7.48 μg GAE (gallic acid equivalents) for the bark to 62.34 ± 2.66 μg GAE for unripe fruits. The bark exhibited the highest flavonoid content, which was closed to 90.20 ± 3.72 μg QE (quercetin equivalents)/mg of dry extract. The radical scavenging activities of the bark and unripe fruits were 56.50 ± 0.29 and 7.3 ± 0.30 μg QE/mg of dry extract, respectively. In the same order, the FRAP values of the two organs were 104.57 ± 4.75 and 19.61 ± 0.22 μmol FeSO4 Eq/mg of dry extract. Many compounds including notoginsenoside R10; 4’,5,7-trihydroxyflavan-3-ol; catechin; and boviquinone 4 were identified. Conclusion: The various organs of Ficus sur are a source of bioactive compounds especially phenolic compounds and flavonoids with antioxidant activit

Amélioration de la croissance et des paramètres agronomiques du maïs (Zea mays L.) par des composts de déchets dans la carrière des calcaires de Sika-Kondji au Sud-Togo

Mineral resources exploitation is one of the main causes of soil degradation and pollution. Restoration of mines after exploitation is a priority of mining companies. In this work, we studied the possibility of using the putrescible and minerals wastes from a limestone plant of Sika-Kondji to fertilize the topsoil. Agronomic tests were conducted with corn to validate the potential of composts compared to a control. The results indicate that composts C1 (green waste), C2 (green waste + food) and C4 (food + green wastes + limestone and clay) allowed a good growth of plants relative to control. Plants grown on C2 and C4 composts presented the best agronomic performance. These composts are rich in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with a high electrical conductivity. These composts need to be improved and valued in the restoration program of Sika-Kondji mine.  Key words: Wastes, composts, restoration, topsoil, career, biodiversity.L’exploitation des ressources minières constitue l’une des causes principales de la dégradation et de la pollution du sol et tout ce qui le couvre. La restauration de la mine dans tous ses aspects après son exploitation est une préoccupation majeure des sociétés minières. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié la possibilité d’utiliser les déchets putrescibles et minéraux d’une usine de calcaire dans la fertilisation du sol du site. Un test agronomique a été réalisé sur le maïs afin de valider le potentiel fertilisant des composts. Les résultats indiquent que les composts C1 (déchets verts), C2 (déchets verts + alimentaires) et C4 (déchets verts + alimentaires + calcaires et argiles) ont permis une bonne croissance des plantes par rapport au témoin. Les plantes cultivées sur les composts C2 et C4 ont présenté les meilleures performances agronomiques. Ces composts sont riches en matière organique, azote, phosphore et potassium avec une forte conductivité électrique. Ces composts méritent d’être améliorés et valorisés dans le programme de restauration du sol de la carrière. Mots clés: Déchets, composts, restauration, topsol, carrière, biodiversité

A significant antihypertensive effect of Holarrhena floribunda supported by an exploratory phytochemical study

Introduction: Holarrhena floribunda (G.Don) T.Durand & Schinz is a tree that can grow up to 25 m with white latex in its organs. The bark of this plant is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes, malaria, and high blood pressure. In this study, phytochemical groups were widely investigated on trunk bark as well as on leaves of H. floribunda harvested in Danyi (Togo). Antioxidant activity and antihypertensive properties of the plant extracts were also evaluated on sound guinea pigs. Methods: The hydro-ethanolic extract of the trunk bark was prepared and antioxidant activity was evaluated via the DPPH radical-scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, and via the determination of the total phenolics content. This hydro-ethanolic extract was used to assess the plant extract effect on blood pressure of sound guinea pigs. Results: So, phytochemical screening revealed that H. floribunda contained most of the phytochemical groups. The 50% inhibitive concentration of that extract by DPPH was 29.80 ± 0.001 μg/mL. The equivalent of Fe2+ by FRAP was 1009.9 ± 0.6 μmol/g of dry extract. The content of phenolic compounds was 139 ± 0.053 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/g of dry extract. Intravenous injection of the extract (10, 20, 40, 80 mg/kg) via the invasive method in guinea pigs under normal strain caused a decrease in diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and so in mean arterial pressure (MAP) by dose cumulative and time-dependent. Conclusion: The results show that hydro-ethanolic extract of H. floribunda trunk bark has antihypertensive and antioxidant properties. This might be the reason for the use of that extract for the treatment of hypertension in traditional medicin

A Comparative Study of the Chemical Composition of the Extracts from Leaves, Stem Bark, and Root Bark of Cassia sieberiana: Antibacterial Activities

In Togo, the abusive use of the root of Cassia sieberiana D.C. in traditional medicine, contributes gradually to the rarefaction of the species. The general objective of this study is to promote the use of vital organs of Cassia sieberiana in traditional medicine in Togo. The identification of secondary metabolites of the extracts (cyclohexane, dichloromethane and methanol) was carried out by GC-MS and by CL-MS / MS. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed according to the well diffusion method and the MICs and MBCs according to the tube dilution method. Compounds such as sitosterol α-acetate, β-sitosterol, emodin, chaetochromine, luteolin, (±) -catechin, naringenin 5-O-rhamnoside, guibourtinidol- (4 alpha-> 6) -catechin and (-) - epiafzelechin are found in the root and in the stem bark. The identified molecules give the different methanolic extracts, an antibacterial effect on all the germs tested. At the end of this study, it appears that the chemical composition of the stem bark is almost similar to that of the root bark. The leaves would be better placed for the treatment of bacteria tested

Impact du compostage sur la réhabilitation de la carrière de calcaire de Sika-Kondji (Togo) : effets sur l’attraction des animaux et sur la performance du maïs (Zea mays L.)

L’exploitation minière contribue à la destruction du sol et de la biodiversité augmentant la pauvreté surtout dans les pays en voie de développement. La restauration d’une mine constitue une obligation pour un développement durable. Dans cette étude des déchets d’un site minier ont été valorisés pour attirer et maintenir certains animaux sur le site et fertiliser le topsol. Il ressort que les insectes sont plus liés aux composts C1 (déchets verts) et C2 (déchets verts et alimentaires) tandis que les composts C3 (déchets verts + calcaires et l’argile) et C4 (déchets verts + alimentaires + calcaires et argiles) attirent plus les amphibiens et les arachnides. Le tas du compost C2 est le plus visité par ces animaux (43 % par rapport aux individus totaux). L’analyse chimique des composts a montré que les composts C2 et C4 présentent les fortes teneurs en matière organique et en azote (1,20 et 0,75 % m.s.), en phosphore (0,45 et 0,38 % m.s.) tandis que les composts C1 et C2 présentent les plus fortes teneurs en potassium (0,48 et 0,60 % m.s.). En ce qui concerne les effets des composts sur la croissance et les paramètres agronomiques du maïs, les plantes cultivées sur les composts C1, C2 et C3 sont celles qui présentent les plus fortes performances. Les composts C1, C2 et C4 seront utilisés dans la restauration de la fertilité du topsol et de la biodiversité de la carrière de Sika-Kondji.Mining activities contribute to soil and biodiversity destruction and Increase poverty especially in developing countries. Restoring a mine in all its aspects after exploitation is a requirement method for sustainable development. The main objective of this study is to restore the fertility of a quarry soil and animals diversity using free wastes. Results indicated that three classes of animals have visited composts piles. They are amphibians, arachnids and insects. Insects are more related to composts C1 (green wastes) and C2 (green wastes + food wastes) while C3 (green wastes + limestone and clay) and C4 (green wastes + food wastes + limestone and clay) attract more amphibians and arachnids. C2 compost pile was most visited by animals (43 % relative to the total individuals). Chemical analysis showed that composts C2 and C4 present the high levels of organic matter, nitrogen (1.20 % and 0.75 ms) and phosphorus (0.45 % and 0.38 ms) contents while composts C1 and C2 have the highest levels of potassium (0.48 % and 0.60 m.s.). Concerning composts effects on agronomics parameters of maize, plants cultivated on composts C1, C2 and C3 are the best. Composts C1, C2 and C4 will be used in restoration programs of Sika-kondji mining site

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-SICKLING ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS FROM THE STEM AND ROOTS BARKS OF STRYCHNOS INNOCUA (DEL.)

Objective: In Togo Strychnos innocua represents a plant traditionally used to cure sickle cell disease. This study aims to carry out a phytochemical study and evaluate the antioxidant and anti-sickling activity of Strychnos innocua root and stem barks to support its use. Methods: Hydroethanolic and ethanolic extracts of each plant organ were obtained by maceration. Polyphenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent and the flavonoid content using Aluminium trichloride (AlCl3) method. The anti-sickling activity of hydroethanolic extracts of root and stem barks was tested on SS blood samples from sickle cell patients using the Emmel test. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH and FRAP methods on both the hydroethanolic and ethanolic extracts. Results: Results indicate that the highest levels of polyphenols were measured in the hydroethanolic extract of the root barks (59.32 ± 1.77 mg GAE/g) and the ethanol extract of the stem barks (98.27 ± 2.44 mg QE/g). The hydroethanolic extract of the root barks and the ethanolic extract of the stem barks showed high levels of flavonoids. Extracts from both organs significantly reduced falciformation (p < 0.001) at a rate of 22% (root) and 35% (stem) compared with the control (94%). In addition, root and stem extracts showed slight antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Results justify the traditional use of Strychnos innocua roots in treating sickle cell anaemia

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY AND ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITIES OF FLACOURTIA INDICA LEAVES EXTRACTS FROM THE TOGOLESE FLORA

Objective: Faced with the devastating effect of diabetes, the search for new natural antidiabetic molecules is an exploratory avenue. Methods: In this study, the leaves of Flacourtia indica were collected from the Togolese flora, and their antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays, following a phytochemical screening conducted through colorimetric and precipitation reactions. The content of total phenols was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent and flavonoids by aluminum trichloride. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated using the method of dilution in agar wells with Muller-Hinton® agar. Additionally, the extracts' antidiabetic effect was evaluated in rats made diabetic by alloxan at a dose of 120 mg/kg. b.w. Results: The results of our work showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, and saponins in the extracts. The best polyphenol and flavonoid contents were measured in the hydroethanolic extract and were 186.46±0.308 mg EqAG/g and 464.14±17.043 mgEqQ/g. ES respectively. The hydroethanolic extract has a higher antioxidant power with an IC50 = 110.22 µg/ml. The reducing powers of the ferric ions were 3706±12.124 and 3777±9.238 µmol/ml, respectively for the hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts. The extracts were active against Staphylococcus aureus and are bacteriostatic. The hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of Flacourtia indica significantly reduced (p = 0.0014) blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. Conclusion: This plant can therefore be a potential medicine in the treatment of diabetes

Impact du compostage sur la réhabilitation de la carrière de calcaire de Sika-Kondji (Togo) : effets sur l’attraction des animaux et sur la performance du maïs (Zea mays L.)

L’exploitation minière contribue à la destruction du sol et de la biodiversité augmentant la pauvreté surtout dans les pays en voie de développement. La restauration d’une mine constitue une obligation pour un développement durable. Dans cette étude des déchets d’un site minier ont été valorisés pour attirer et maintenir certains animaux sur le site et fertiliser le topsol. Il ressort que les insectes sont plus liés aux composts C1 (déchets verts) et C2 (déchets verts et alimentaires) tandis que les composts C3 (déchets verts + calcaires et l’argile) et C4 (déchets verts + alimentaires + calcaires et argiles) attirent plus les amphibiens et les arachnides. Le tas du compost C2 est le plus visité par ces animaux (43 % par rapport aux individus totaux). L’analyse chimique des composts a montré que les composts C2 et C4 présentent les fortes teneurs en matière organique et en azote (1,20 et 0,75 % m.s.), en phosphore (0,45 et 0,38 % m.s.) tandis que les composts C1 et C2 présentent les plus fortes teneurs en potassium (0,48 et 0,60 % m.s.). En ce qui concerne les effets des composts sur la croissance et les paramètres agronomiques du maïs, les plantes cultivées sur les composts C1, C2 et C3 sont celles qui présentent les plus fortes performances. Les composts C1, C2 et C4 seront utilisés dans la restauration de la fertilité du topsol et de la biodiversité de la carrière de Sika-Kondji.Mining activities contribute to soil and biodiversity destruction and Increase poverty especially in developing countries. Restoring a mine in all its aspects after exploitation is a requirement method for sustainable development. The main objective of this study is to restore the fertility of a quarry soil and animals diversity using free wastes. Results indicated that three classes of animals have visited composts piles. They are amphibians, arachnids and insects. Insects are more related to composts C1 (green wastes) and C2 (green wastes + food wastes) while C3 (green wastes + limestone and clay) and C4 (green wastes + food wastes + limestone and clay) attract more amphibians and arachnids. C2 compost pile was most visited by animals (43 % relative to the total individuals). Chemical analysis showed that composts C2 and C4 present the high levels of organic matter, nitrogen (1.20 % and 0.75 ms) and phosphorus (0.45 % and 0.38 ms) contents while composts C1 and C2 have the highest levels of potassium (0.48 % and 0.60 m.s.). Concerning composts effects on agronomics parameters of maize, plants cultivated on composts C1, C2 and C3 are the best. Composts C1, C2 and C4 will be used in restoration programs of Sika-kondji mining site