Fault location on multiterminal transmission lines using only two terminals data

Um novo método de localização de faltas em linhas de transmissão continuamente transpostas e com múltiplas derivações é apresentado neste artigo. O mesmo é baseado nos fasores de tensão e corrente, pré-falta e pós-falta, medidos em regime permanente nos terminais local e remoto, para determinar as informações de falta, tais como: o trecho de ocorrência, a distância de falta, ou seja, o ponto de ocorrência, e a resistência. A principal caracterstica deste novo método é o processo de varredura da rede, onde a falta é localizada dentro de cada um dos trechos da linha, buscando-se minimizar por meio de uma função objetivo, as diferenças entre as tensões e correntes medidas e calculadas nos terminais local e remoto. O erro calculado pela função objetivo, no caso de a falta estar em um determinado trecho, é comparado com o erro obtido para o trecho anterior, sendo o trecho com o maior erro descartado. No final do processo de varredura, o método de localização de faltas tem como resultado o trecho de ocorrência, a distância e a resistência da falta. Os resultados das simulações mostram a eficiência e a precisão do método proposto frente a variação da distância, resistência e tipo da falta.A new multiterminal continuously transposed transmission lines fault location method is presented in this paper, which it is based on steady-state pre-fault and post-fault voltage and current measured phasors at local and remote terminals to determine the fault information, which are: the section occurrence, the distance, or the occurrence point, and resistance. The main characteristic of this new method is the process of networkscanning, where the fault is located within each line section, trying to minimize by means of an objective function, the differences between the voltages and currents measured and calculated in local and remote terminals. The the error calculated by the goal function, in case of the fault to be in a certain section, is compared with the error obtained for the previous section, so the section with the largest error is dismissed. At the end of the scanning process, the method of fault location presents the section of fault occurrence, distance and resistance. The results obtained from the simulations show the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method for the fault distance, resistance and type variation

Rationale and design of an independent randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of aripiprazole or haloperidol in combination with clozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>One third to two thirds of people with schizophrenia have persistent psychotic symptoms despite clozapine treatment. Under real-world circumstances, the need to provide effective therapeutic interventions to patients who do not have an optimal response to clozapine has been cited as the most common reason for simultaneously prescribing a second antipsychotic drug in combination treatment strategies. In a clinical area where the pressing need of providing therapeutic answers has progressively increased the occurrence of antipsychotic polypharmacy, despite the lack of robust evidence of its efficacy, we sought to implement a pre-planned protocol where two alternative therapeutic answers are systematically provided and evaluated within the context of a pragmatic, multicentre, independent randomised study.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>The principal clinical question to be answered by the present project is the relative efficacy and tolerability of combination treatment with clozapine plus aripiprazole compared with combination treatment with clozapine plus haloperidol in patients with an incomplete response to treatment with clozapine over an appropriate period of time. This project is a prospective, multicentre, randomized, parallel-group, superiority trial that follow patients over a period of 12 months. Withdrawal from allocated treatment within 3 months is the primary outcome.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>The implementation of the protocol presented here shows that it is possible to create a network of community psychiatric services that accept the idea of using their everyday clinical practice to produce randomised knowledge. The employed pragmatic attitude allowed to randomly allocate more than 100 individuals, which means that this study is the largest antipsychotic combination trial conducted so far in Western countries. We expect that the current project, by generating evidence on whether it is clinically useful to combine clozapine with aripiprazole rather than with haloperidol, provides physicians with a solid evidence base to be directly applied in the routine care of patients with schizophrenia.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p><b>Clincaltrials.gov Identifier</b>: NCT00395915</p

Fault location on transmission lines with derivations, constituted of double circuit and untransposed sections.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um método de localização de faltas em linhas de transmissão constituídas de circuitos simples ou duplos, admitindo trechos não transpostos e com derivações, além de terminais com medições dessincronizadas. O método utiliza os fasores de tensão e corrente, pré-falta e pós-falta, medidos nos terminais, local e remoto, para determinar as informações da falta, as quais são: trecho de ocorrência, distância, resistência e tipo. O método de localização de faltas proposto neste trabalho é composto pelo: processo de obtenção dos fasores, onde os sinais de tensão e corrente são filtrados; algoritmo de montagem da matriz de admitâncias da rede; algoritmo de estimativa de cargas e algoritmo de localização de faltas. O método desenvolvido tem como principal característica a localização de faltas em linhas de transmissão constituídas por circuito duplo com derivações utilizando dados de somente dois terminais, não descartando a possibilidade da utilização de dados de outros terminais caso disponíveis, e a pesquisa por trechos da rede através da minimização de funções objetivo. Para avaliar a eficiência do método de localização de faltas desenvolvido, diversas simulações foram realizadas no programa ATP (Alternative Transient Program), tais como: variação da distância de falta, da resistência de falta e do tipo de falta, bem como simulações de erros no módulo e no ângulo dos fasores, erros nos parâmetros da linha de transmissão e erros nos equivalentes.In this work was developed a fault location method on transmission lines constituted of single or double circuits, allowing non-transposed lines sections, with derivations. The method uses the pre-fault and post-fault voltage and current phasors measured at local and remote terminals to determine the fault information, which are: section of occurrence, distance, resistance and, type. The fault location method proposed in this work is composed by: phasor obtaining process, where the voltage and current phasors are filtered; the network\'s admitance matrix building process; the load estimation algorithm and; the fault location algorithm. The developed method has as main features the fault location on double circuit transmission lines with derivations using data of two terminals only, without discarding the possibility of using another terminals data, case available, and the search for the fault location on transmission line\'s sections by objective functions minimization. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the developed fault location method, a lot of simulations were conducted in ATP (Alternative Transient Program), such as: fault distance, resistance and, type variations as well as errors on phasors\' module and angle, transmission line parameters and, terminals\' equivalent

Multiterminal transmission line fault location method using only two terminals data.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um método de localização de faltas em linhas de transmissão constituídas de circuito simples e continuamente transpostas com derivações. Este método utiliza fasores de tensão e corrente pré-falta e pós-falta medidos apenas nos terminais local e remoto, para determinar as informações da falta, as quais são: local, distância, resistência e tipo. O método de localização de faltas proposto neste trabalho é composto pelo processo de obtenção dos fasores, pelo algoritmo de determinação do tipo de falta, pelos algoritmos de estimativa de cargas e de localização de faltas, onde o algoritmo de localização de faltas foi proposto neste trabalho. A principal característica deste novo método é a de não haver necessidade de reduzir a linha para uma linha equivalente de dois terminais para aplicação do método de localização de faltas usando dados de um ou dois terminais para determinar o possível ou os possíveis locais de ocorrência da falta, uma vez que o algoritmo de localização de faltas proposto neste trabalho possui uma função objetivo que determina de forma direta o trecho de ocorrência da falta. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do método de localização de faltas proposto, este foi submetido a simulações de variação de distância de falta, de resistência de falta, de tipo de falta e simulações de erros nos fasores e nos parâmetros da linha de transmissão.In this work was developed a fault location method on single circuit continuously transposed transmission lines with derivations. This method uses pre-fault and post-fault voltage and current phasors, measured at local and remote terminals only, to determine the information about the fault, which are: location, distance, resistance and type. The fault location method proposed in this work is composed by the phasor obtaining process, the fault type determination algorithm, the load estimation algorithm and the fault location algorithm, where the fault location algorithm has been proposed in this work. The main characteristic of this new method is no need to reduce the line to two terminals equivalent line to application of the one or two terminal fault location method which determine the possible fault location occurrence, since the fault location algorithm proposed in this work has an objective function that determines by direct way the exact path of fault occurrence. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed fault location method, it was subjected to fault distance, fault resistance and fault type variation simulations and phasors and transmission lines parameters errors simulations

Biweight Midcorrelation Based Transmission Line Pilot Protection Algorithm

This paper presents a novel pilot protection algorithm for alternating current (ac) transmission lines that relies on biweight midcorrelation (BWMC) coefficients between the terminals&#x2019; currents. The proposed solution was compared with recent and similar literature alternatives, and the results indicate that it is both effective in detecting faults of any type and that, as it is median-based, unlike the techniques used so far, the BWMC-based algorithm may be advantageous over existing methods as it presents higher robustness to not incorrectly trip on external faults, mainly under the critical conditions of CT saturation, noisy measurements, and sample misalignment, typically associated with outliers. The algorithm also proved effective against simultaneous multi-faults, weak infeed, power swing, multiple cases on different lines, and faults with time-varying transition resistance. The BWMC-based solution was finally experimentally tested in real-time with a hardware-in-the-loop system containing a CMC-256 set, an IEC 61850-based IED that embeds the algorithm&#x2019;s logic, and current measurements recorded during actual faults on existing 500 kV lines from the Brazilian interconnected power system. All analyses indicate that this new algorithm can be a rapid, reliable, and robust solution

Diketo Hexenoic Acid Derivatives Are Novel Selective Non- Nucleoside Inhibitors of Mammalian Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferases, with Potent Cytotoxic Effect against Leukemic Cells

ABSTRACT Mammalian terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TDT) catalyzes the non-template-directed polymerization of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and has a key role in V(D)J recombination during lymphocyte and repertoire development. More than 90% of leukemic cells in acute lymphocytic leukemia and approximately 30% of leukemic cells in the chronic myelogenous leukemia crisis show elevated TDT activity. This finding is connected to a poor prognosis and response to chemotherapy and reduced survival time. On the other hand, recent data indicated that TDT is not the only terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase in mammalian cells. Its close relative, DNA polymerase , can synthesize DNA both in a template-dependent (polymerase) and template-independent (terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase) fashion. DNA polymerase might be involved in the nonhomologous end-joining recombinational repair pathway of DNA double-strand breaks. In this work, we report the characterization of the mechanism of action of three diketo hexenoic acid (DKHA) derivatives, which proved to be extremely selective for the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase activity of DNA polymerase and TDT. They seem to be the first non-nucleoside-specific inhibitors of mammalian terminal transferases reported. Moreover, the DKHA analog 6-(1-phenylmethyl

Diketo hexenoic acid (DKHA) derivatives are novel selective non- nucleoside inhibitors of mammalian terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferases, with potent cytotoxic effect against leukemic cells. Running title: Non-nucleoside inhibitors of mammalian terminal

Abstract words: 225 Introduction words: 78