Lexi-Term : approches plurielles de la lexicographie spécialisée et de la terminologie/terminographie

Ce numéro de R.I.L.A. ‒ Rassegna Italiana di Linguistica Applicata, sur Lexi-Term : approches plurielles de la lexicographie spécialisée et de la terminologie/terminographie, naît de l’intérêt que le Groupe de Recherche Modena Lexi-Term porte à la lexicographie spécialisée, à la terminologie et à la terminographie mono- et bilingues, ainsi qu’à l’étude du comportement des termes en contexte, étroitement liée à l’analyse de corpus de textes authentiques. aduzione giuridica

Genre variation and changes in frame sequences across cultures: the case of Criminology RA abstracts in English and French

Though not as widely studied as the Research Article (RA), the abstract has attracted increasing interest among researchers over last decades (Swales 1990, Bhatia 1993, Dos Santos 1996, Lor\ue9s-Sanz 2008, Bondi/Cavalieri 2012, Cavalieri 2014). A number of contrastive or comparative studies of abstracts in English and other languages (Mart\uedn- Mart\uedn 2005, Lor\ue9s Sanz 2006, Van Bonn & Swales 2007, Diani 2014) have already been carried out considering mainly the hard sciences and some soft sciences such as linguistics and history, however no cross-cultural analyses have been conducted so far between RA abstracts in English and RA abstracts in French published in the legal field. This paper seeks to investigate genre variation and changes in frame sequences comparatively in English and French RA abstracts from criminology journals. Using a genre analytical approach to qualitative and quantitative data, the paper reports on two comparable corpora, i.e. English and French, of electronically retrieved abstracts from Criminology Journals published in 2014. The two corpora are composed of three journals per language, namely Criminology, Journal of Criminal Justice, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology for the English corpus, and Champ P\ue9nal, Criminologie, Revue Canadienne de Droit P\ue9nal et Criminologie for the French corpus. The analysis will be carried out following two main steps, i.e. a macro-analysis and a micro-analysis. In the former step, the corpora are compared by the analysis and discussion of the basic IMRD rhetorical move structure for the RA often proposed in the literature (e.g. Nwogu 1990; Swales 1990; Bhatia 1993; Ventola 1994; Mart\uedn-Mart\uedn 2002) and the additional five moves model postulated by Dos Santos (1996) with the aim of investigating the linguistic and rhetorical variation in the abstract genre from a cross-cultural perspective. In the latter, we look at frame sequences (Bondi/Cavalieri 2012) combining forms of self-mentions and frame markers (Hyland 2005), i.e. personal patterns, impersonal patterns and locational patterns (Dahl 2004). Provisional results show that the abstracts under investigation largely follow the international conventions based on the norms established by the English-speaking international academic community. However, variation across the two cultures emerged from the linguistic realizations of framework sequences. Cross-cultural implications are discussed at the close

La construction argumentative de l’ethos et des identités collectives dans les propositions de loi de l’Assemblée nationale française concernant les étrangers et les migrations

This study deals with a body of law proposals discussed by the French National Assembly during the 13th and 14th legislatures concerning, from different angles, “foreigners” living on French soil. Although these texts do not deal directly with migratory phenomena, they emerge from them and affect both immigrants and the inhabitants of the host country. The speeches of the proposals show the construction of a national collective ethos as well as the evocation of foreign collective identities. Some proposals evoke a target collective for the laws under scrutiny, which means that the parliamentarians of the National Assembly, proposing these laws, speak as spokespersons of the communities to whom these same legislative devices are supposed to extend rights. Thus, we will examine how the collective ethos of the proposers is shaped in the argumentation by the identification with the values of the Nation and in the evocation of collective identities to protect but also, and often, to integrate, even assimilate

Prestito giuridico e specificità culturali: un approccio contrastivo

Rispetto ai linguaggi specialistici legati alle scienze pure e alle tecnologie, il linguaggio giuridico non si caratterizza per la monosemia dei suoi termini ma, al contrario, per una forte polisemia che dipende dalla storia della disciplina e dalla sua compenetrazione con la cultura della società che in essa si esprime. Ciò non toglie tuttavia che il lessico giuridico possa essere analizzato, nella maniera più oggettiva e univoca possibile: pur essendo polisemico e culturo-specifico infatti, il linguaggio giuridico resta comunque altamente specializzato in quanto utilizzato prevalentemente in testi emessi da esperti e destinati ad esperti. La forte specificità culturale di tale lingua di specialità crea difficoltà traduttive dovute alla mancata equivalenza dei concetti e degli oggetti nel passaggio da una lingua-cultura ad un’altra, accentuate nel caso di contatto tra sistemi giuridici differenti quali common law e civil law. Nel caso specifico, il contatto tra francese e inglese giuridico ha generato e tuttora genera – per via dell’evoluzione costante della disciplina, dei sistemi giuridici e dei tentativi di unificazione promossi dall’Unione Europea – il fenomeno dei prestiti in entrambe le direzioni, seppur con differenze diacroniche. Ci proponiamo quindi di sondare il legame esistente tra francese e inglese giuridico, reso evidente dal passaggio di prestiti tra le due lingue, rilevando le diverse tipologie di prestiti riscontrabili in alcuni vocabolari giuridici francesi e inglesi, con particolare attenzione da un lato per l’emergere di differenze diacroniche che si rivelano nei diversi tipi di prestito (integrato, xenismo, ibrido, etc.) dall’altro per il fenomeno della francisation, per il quale accanto al termine inglese originale preso a prestito dalla lingua francese si vede l’impiego di una variante francese, proposta dalle Commissioni Terminologiche del Conseil International de la Langue Française, che tuttavia difficilmente riesce a soppiantare completamente il prestito, ragione per la quale i vocabolari spesso riportano entrambe le entrate (seppur con definizioni e approfondimenti diversi)

Proc\ue9d\ue9s d\ue9finitoires dans les vocabulaires juridiques fran\ue7ais et anglais : le cas des emprunts

Dans cette \ue9tude nous nous proposons d\u2019analyser les d\ue9finitions lexicographiques de quelques emprunts du fran\ue7ais juridique \ue0 l\u2019anglais et de l\u2019anglais juridique au fran\ue7ais, dans une optique contrastive. A cette fin nous avons compos\ue9 deux corpus. L\u2019un accueille les termes juridiques que le fran\ue7ais a emprunt\ue9s \ue0 la langue anglaise, relev\ue9s dans le Vocabulaire Juridique (VJ) de CORNU (2007). L\u2019autre recense les termes juridiques que l\u2019anglais a emprunt\ue9s \ue0 la langue fran\ue7aise, relev\ue9s dans l\u2019Oxford Dictionary of Law (ODoL) de MARTIN \u2013 LAW (2006). Les deux listes d\u2019entr\ue9es ainsi obtenues, compl\ue9t\ue9es par leurs articles lexicographiques ainsi que par les articles correspondants tir\ue9s des dictionnaires juridiques de la langue d\u2019origine (de l\u2019ODoL pour les entr\ue9es du VJ et vice-versa), nous permettent de mettre en comparaison la convergence \ue9ventuelle du sens entre emprunt et mot d\u2019origine aussi bien que la construction des d\ue9finitions dans les deux langues. La premi\ue8re partie de cet article est centr\ue9e sur la description de la typologie et des fonctions des deux vocabulaires pris en examen (\ua7 1.), sur le d\ue9bat ouvert autour de la d\ue9finition lexicographique (\ua7 2.), ainsi que sur la pr\ue9sentation du mod\ue8le de d\ue9finition avanc\ue9 par WIEGAND (\ua7 2.1.), que nous utiliserons comme cadre th\ue9orique dans lequel situer l\u2019analyse de notre double corpus, bien qu\u2019en version adapt\ue9e \ue0 nos propos et simplifi\ue9e. La deuxi\ue8me partie proc\ue8de \ue0 l\u2019analyse des d\ue9marches d\ue9finitoires des emprunts lexicaux juridiques relev\ue9s (\ua7 4.) \u2013 pr\ue9alablement subdivis\ue9s selon leur typologie (\ua7 3.) \u2013 afin de mettre en \ue9vidence les convergences et les divergences d\ue9finitoires \ue9ventuelles

Introduction. Lexicographie spécialisée et ressources terminologiques et terminographiques

Introductio

Specialized Lexicography, terminology and reference tools

Ce numéro spécial de Lingue & Linguaggi s’interroge sur certains aspects théoriques et pratiques concernant les termes appartenant aux domaines de l’économie et du droit et notamment sur leur inclusion dans des ressources monolingues ou bilingues consultées par des usagers experts et non experts, selon une pluralité d’approches théoriques et méthodologiques. À côté de l’aspect domanial économique ou juridique, les questions théoriques qui tissent un fil rouge entre les différents articles concernent les aspects suivants: la réflexion autour de la définition des termes; le support que les corpus peuvent fournir à une représentation du sens tenant compte des objectifs spécifiques des usagers ciblés par les ressources elles-mêmes; l’utilité de la terminologie en tant qu’instrument cognitif apte à la structuration et à la dénomination de nouvelles idées dans des domaines spécialisés; les avantages ou les désavantages apportés par la facilité et la rapidité d’accès aux nombreuses ressources sur la Toile de la part du public – expert, semi expert ou profane

The new European regulation on personal data protection: significant aspects for data processing for scientific research purposes

On 27 April 2016, after a troubled gestation,, Regulation 2016/6791 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data was finally published. The Regulation is to have a two-year transitional period, meaning it will actually enter into force in the first half of 2018

Experimental priming of encephalitogenic Th1/Th17 cells requires pertussis toxin-driven IL-1 beta production by myeloid cells

CD4(+) Th17 are heterogeneous in terms of cytokine production and capacity to initiate autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here we demonstrate that experimental priming of encephalitogenic Th cells expressing ROR gamma t and T-bet and producing IL-17A, IFN-gamma and GM-CSF but not IL-10 (Th1/Th17), is dependent on the presence of pertussis toxin (PTX) at the time of immunization. PTX induces early production of IL-1 beta by CD11b(+)CCR2(+)Gr1(+) myeloid cells, which are rapidly recruited to antigen-draining lymph nodes. PTX-induced generation of Th1/Th17 cells is impaired in IL-1 beta- and ASC-deficient mice and in mice in which myeloid cells are depleted or fail to migrate to lymph nodes and requires expression of IL-1R1 and MyD88 on both T cells and non-T cells. Collectively, these data shed light on the enigmatic function of PTX in EAE induction and suggest that inflammatory monocytes and microbial infection can influence differentiation of pathogenic Th1/Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases through production of IL-1 beta

PI3K Orchestrates T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation in a Context Dependent Manner: Implications for Autoimmunity

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a specialized population of CD4+ T cells that provide help to B cells for the formation and maintenance germinal centers, and the production of high affinity class-switched antibodies, long-lived plasma cells, and memory B cells. As such, Tfh cells are essential for the generation of successful long-term humoral immunity and memory responses to vaccination and infection. Conversely, overproduction of Tfh cells has been associated with the generation of autoantibodies and autoimmunity. Data from gene-targeted mice, pharmacological inhibitors, as well as studies of human and mice expressing activating mutants have revealed that PI3Kδ is a key regulator of Tfh cell differentiation, acting downstream of ICOS to facilitate inactivation of FOXO1, repression of Klf2 and induction of Bcl6. Nonetheless, here we show that after acute LCMV infection, WT and activated-PI3Kδ mice (Pik3cdE1020K/+) show comparable ratios of Tfh:Th1 viral specific CD4+ T cells, despite higher polyclonal Tfh cells in Pik3cdE1020K/+ mice. Thus, the idea that PI3K activity primarily drives Tfh cell differentiation may be an oversimplification and PI3K-mediated pathways are likely to integrate multiple signals to promote distinct effector T cell lineages. The consequences of dysregulated Tfh cell generation will be discussed in the context of the human primary immunodeficiency “Activated PI3K-delta Syndrome” (APDS), also known as “p110 delta-activating mutation causing senescent T cells, lymphadenopathy and immunodeficiency” (PASLI). Overall, these data underscore a major role for PI3K signaling in the orchestration of T lymphocyte responses