Factors affecting pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) incidence in Mediterranean pine stands: A multiscale approach

The occurrence of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa, hereafter PPM) in Mediterranean pine forests and plantations is of increasing concern as processes such as global warming and forest cover expansion have amplified the frequency and virulence of outbreaks. This study attempts to provide as complete an overview as possible of the different factors involved in pine forest susceptibility to PPM in 98 pine stands in Central Spain. A large study area (∼3,000 km2) was considered, including three different spatial scales (<1 ha, 1 ha, 10 ha) and four different pine tree species (Pinus pinaster, P. nigra, P. sylvestris, P. pinea), monitored over a 4-year period. Models were fitted for each of the three spatial scales, as well as for a combination of them (multiscale model). Pine species had a strong influence on vulnerability to PPM, with higher incidences in stands dominated by P. pinaster and P. nigra and lower for those dominated by P. sylvestris and P. pinea. Grazing pressure, a factor thus far disregarded, was also determining, with a prominent role at both the multiscale and the stand-scale levels. Other variables were highly influential at some of the spatial scales, showing a greater resistance in pine forests or plantations with a higher diversity of pine sizes, greater tree density, and a larger cover of non-host tree species. Open habitats also played a role in PPM incidence: we detected that, both at the locality and the plot scale, the presence of clearings occupied by bushes or rocky outcrops reduced vulnerability to PPM, while the clearings with a more simplified structure produced the opposite effect. We conclude that PPM incidence is greater in structurally simple pine forests, with strong grazing pressure and abundant open spaces without woody vegetation that may favour PPM pupation. To reduce damage by PPM, pine forest and plantations should be managed to avoid oversimplified forest structures. Patches of non-host tree species should be promoted, as well as some presence of shrubs in open areas. This implies avoiding overgrazing and other management models leading to an excessive increase in bare soil. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the implementation of these recommendations should consider the remaining challenges that need to be addressed in the current context of global change, such as the increased risk of wildfires and the emergence of other pests and diseasesThis work was supported by the European Social Fund managed by the Regional Government of Madrid (Remedinal TE-CM: S2018/EMT4338

Diverging facets of grassland ant diversity along a Mediterranean elevational gradient

1. We address associations of taxonomic diversity (TD), functional diversity (FD), and phylogenetic diversity (PD) of ant assemblages with gradients of elevation to assess whether energetic limitations or deterministic or stochastic niche-building processes are more relevant to the assembly of communities. 2. We sampled ant assemblages using pitfall traps in grassland habitats along an elevational gradient of 1712 m in the Guadarrama Mountains of Central Spain. The relationships of alpha and beta diversity metrics with soil temperature, productivity, elevation, and geographical distances were examined with generalised additive (mixed) models. 3. The facets of diversity showed strong and partially coincident responses to the gradients, but the responses and the similarities among them weakened or disappeared when the effects of species richness were factored out. TD and FD changed roughly in a similar manner with elevation and productivity, but PD did not show clear responses to those factors. Taxonomic and functional richness increased with productivity and decreased with elevation. Mean pairwise functional and phylogenetic dissimilarities did not change along the gradients. Elevation and productivity gradients accounted for much of the beta TD among assemblages but only explained a moderate variation of functional traits and phylogenetic relationships, while geographical distances were more explanatory of beta PD. 4. The partial redundancies among facets of diversity suggest that the spatial variation of diversity is mainly related to the sheer number of species. However, both environmental filtering and limiting similarity could be acting in concordance to reduce the number of species present in communitiesAdministrative and financial support was received from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project CGL2014‐53789‐R) and Sierra de Guadarrama Park, which provided the permits for the sampling (ref 10/101642.9/16). Mariola Silvestre, Javier Seoane, and Francisco M. Azcárate work within the Madrid's Government research group network REMEDINAL3‐CM (S‐2013/MAE‐2719). Carlos P. Carmona was supported by the Estonian Research Council (PSG293) and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence EcolChange). Mariola Silvestre was supported by an FPI grant from MINECO. Special thanks to Héctor Miranda, Laura Morgado, and Miguel Blázquez for laboratory assistance and Violeta Hevia, Joaquin Calatayud, and Anders Forsman for your tips. Alberto González helped us to make the map and Xavier Espadaler to identify some species. We appreciate the use of data from Instituto Geográfico Nacional and Nuria Plaza for provided access with the satellite imager

Diversity and mean specific leaf area of Mediterranean woody vegetation changes in response to summer drought across a double stress gradient: The role of phenotypic plasticity

Aim: Many aspects of vegetation response to increased drought remain uncertain but it is expected that phenotypic plasticity may be key to early adaptation of plants to environmental stress. In this work we observe the response of specific leaf area (SLA) of woody shrub vegetation to the summer drought typical of the Mediterranean climate. In addition, to observe the possible interaction between the impact of drought and the environmental characteristics of the ecosystems, communities from different edaphic and structural contexts distributed along the double stress gradient of the Mediterranean mountains (high temperature and low precipitation at low elevation; low temperature and high irradiation at high elevation) have been analysed. Location: Central Mountain range of the Iberian Peninsula. Methods: Along the entire altitudinal gradient, 33 shrub communities belonging to different habitat typologies (shrublands, rocky areas, hedgerows, understorey) were sampled before and after the passage of summer, both in 2017 and 2019. A total of 1724 individuals and 15,516 leaves were collected and measured to estimate the mean values and diversity of SLA of each community. Results: The community-weighted mean and functional divergence have inverse quadratic relationships with the environmental gradient. Shrub communities at both ends of the gradient have low mean SLA values and high functional divergence of this trait. Summer drought implies a generalised decrease in the mean SLA of the communities throughout the gradient, as well as an alteration in functional richness and uniformity. However, the effect of summer drought on the plant community is mediated by the microenvironmental characteristics of its habitat. Conclusions: Drought acclimatisation of shrub communities through phenotypic plasticity leads to rapid changes in their functional leaf structure. In the long term, our results point to an increase in plant conservative strategies, reduced ecosystem productivity, slower nutrient recycling and the reduction of communities of specific habitats as drought increasesAdministrative and financial support was received from the Autonomous Community of Madrid (Project REMEDINAL TECM S2018/EMT-4338) and Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, which provided the permits for the sampling within the park (ref 10/097831.9/18). Alejandro Carrascosa was supported by a grant for the Promotion of Research in UAM Master studies (UAM 2018– 2019), and Mariola Silvestre by an FPI grant from MINEC

Abiotic controls, but not species richness, shape niche overlap and breadth of ant assemblages along an elevational gradient in central Spain

Niche overlap and breadth are fundamental characteristics of ecological niches that have been hypothesized to relate both to environmental conditions and to biotic interactions within a community. Abiotic factors and interspecific competition may have opposing effects on those niche characteristics by respectively filtering out species from the niche space and limiting among-species similarity. Here we set out to assess niche overlap and breadth of ant assemblages in Mediterranean grasslands along a 1668-m elevational gradient in the Guadarrama range (Central Spain). We carried out an outdoor cafeteria experiment considering two niche dimensions on resource acquisition: food type and period of aboveground activity. We compared metrics describing niche overlap and breadth to null models and related the metrics to elevation, temperature at ground level and a proxy of interspecific competition (species richness) with general linear models. Pianka's niche overlap indexes were higher than those calculated with random assemblages, but differences among observed and random assemblages were only significant at mid-elevations and were unrelated to the explanatory variables. Overlap along elevation seemed more due to overlap in period of activity. Niche breadth at the assemblage level was significatively smaller than null expectations and was related to elevation (negatively) and to species richness (positively). These were significantly larger than estimates for the species level. These results show that ant assemblages exploit a subset of available conditions, in a pattern only partially coincident with a scenario of abiotic control. Moreover, their constituent species share time of activity and, to a lesser extent, food resources, in spite of the interspecific competition structuring communities that is often assumed. Overall, the patterns we recorded suggest that other mechanisms should be acting to promote species coexistence, such as trade-offs among ecological functionsThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [Project 469 CGL2014-53789-R and grant BES-2015-075124 (MS)] and the research group network 470 REMEDINAL3-CM (S-2013/MAE-2719). The Sierra de Guadarrama National Park provided 471 administrative support. Arantxa Aguilar and Celia Santos contributed to the field work and Xavier 472 Espadaler helped to identify some species

A new host for a new Rossomyrmex minuchae population

Social parasites usually rely on chemical cues (cuticular hydrocarbons) to successfully invade and coexist with their hosts. Most ants that are obligate social parasites (slave-makers) can parasitize several related host species with different levels of chemical similarity although there are few exceptions where there is only a single host species. An example of the latter is Rossomyrmex minuchae, which was known to be only associated with Proformica longiseta. However, a recent discovery of a new R. minuchae population revealed that it can parasitize P. nasuta, a species with a separate distribution to P. longiseta. Chemical analyses of cuticular hydrocarbons show local adaptation of the parasite to its host in this new population, being more similar to P. nasuta than to other R. minuchae populations. In addition, genetic analyses evidence differences from the other known populations, from which it split 1.21 Mya during glacial and interglacial periods of the Pleistocene and remained separated to the present day. This historical genetic isolation and the chemical differences found between parasite populations may evidence a speciation process and support the local host–parasite coevolutionM Silvestre and FM Azcárate received administrative and fnancial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project CGL2014-53789-R). Sierra de Guadarrama National Park provided the permits for the sampling (ref 10/101642.9/16). This work was also partially funded by the University of Jaén through the “Plan Operativo de Apoyo a la Investigación 2021-2022

Pathogenesis of Intradermal Staphylococcal Infections Rabbit Experimental Approach to Natural Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections

[EN] Despite the enormous efforts made to achieve effective tools that fight against Staphylococcus aureus, the results have not been successful. This failure may be due to the absence of truly representative experimental models. To overcome this deficiency, the present work describes and immunologically characterizes the infection for 28 days, in an experimental low-dose (300 colony-forming units) intradermal model of infection in rabbits, which reproduces the characteristic staphylococcal abscess. Surprisingly, when mutant strains in the genes involved in virulence (J Delta agr, J Delta coa Delta vwb, J Delta hla, and J Delta psm alpha) were inoculated, no strong effect on the severity of lesions was observed, unlike other models that use high doses of bacteria. The inoculation of a human rabbitized (FdltB(r)) strain demonstrated its capacity to generate a similar inflammatory response to a wild-type rabbit strain and, therefore, validated this model for conducting these experimental studies with human strains. To conclude, this model proved reproducible and may be an option of choice to check both wild-type and mutant strains of different origins.Supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) grant AGL2014-53405-C2-2-P, the Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, and European Union Development Fund (FEDER) Programme PO FEDER 2007-2013. A.M.-S., A.G.-Q., and E.M.-G. receive fellowship support from the Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; S.P.-F. receives fellowship support from the Generalitat Valenciana ACIF/2016/085; and M.P. and E.M.-G. receive fellowship support from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport AP2010-3907 and FPU17/02708, respectively.Muñoz-Silvestre, A.; Penadés, M.; Selva, L.; Pérez-Fuentes, S.; Moreno Grua, E.; García-Quirós, A.; Pascual Amorós, JJ.... (2020). Pathogenesis of Intradermal Staphylococcal Infections Rabbit Experimental Approach to Natural Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections. The American Journal of Pathology. 190(6):1188-1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.01.019S118812101906Kobayashi, S. D., Malachowa, N., & DeLeo, F. R. (2015). Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus Abscesses. The American Journal of Pathology, 185(6), 1518-1527. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.030Lowy, F. D. (2011). HowStaphylococcus aureusAdapts to Its Host. 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(2005). Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusDisease in Three Communities. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(14), 1436-1444. doi:10.1056/nejmoa043252DeLeo, F. R., Otto, M., Kreiswirth, B. N., & Chambers, H. F. (2010). Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The Lancet, 375(9725), 1557-1568. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61999-1Talan, D. A., Krishnadasan, A., Gorwitz, R. J., Fosheim, G. E., Limbago, B., … Albrecht, V. (2011). Comparison of Staphylococcus aureus From Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections in US Emergency Department Patients, 2004 and 2008. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 53(2), 144-149. doi:10.1093/cid/cir308Bae, I.-G., Tonthat, G. T., Stryjewski, M. E., Rude, T. H., Reilly, L. F., Barriere, S. L., … Fowler, V. G. (2009). Presence of Genes Encoding the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Exotoxin Is Not the Primary Determinant of Outcome in Patients with Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus  : Results of a Multinational Trial. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 47(12), 3952-3957. doi:10.1128/jcm.01643-09Kennedy, A. D., Wardenburg, J. B., Gardner, D. J., Long, D., Whitney, A. R., Braughton, K. R., … DeLeo, F. R. (2010). Targeting of Alpha‐Hemolysin by Active or Passive Immunization Decreases Severity of USA300 Skin Infection in a Mouse Model. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 202(7), 1050-1058. doi:10.1086/656043Viana, D., Selva, L., Segura, P., Penadés, J. R., & Corpa, J. M. (2007). Genotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from rabbit lesions. Veterinary Microbiology, 121(3-4), 288-298. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.003Viana, D., Comos, M., McAdam, P. R., Ward, M. J., Selva, L., Guinane, C. M., … Penadés, J. R. (2015). 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New Vector for Efficient Allelic Replacement in Naturally Nontransformable, Low-GC-Content, Gram-Positive Bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(11), 6887-6891. doi:10.1128/aem.70.11.6887-6891.2004Úbeda, C., Maiques, E., Knecht, E., Lasa, Í., Novick, R. P., & Penadés, J. R. (2005). Antibiotic-induced SOS response promotes horizontal dissemination of pathogenicity island-encoded virulence factors in staphylococci. Molecular Microbiology, 56(3), 836-844. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04584.xLi, M., Cheung, G. Y. C., Hu, J., Wang, D., Joo, H., DeLeo, F. R., & Otto, M. (2010). Comparative Analysis of Virulence and Toxin Expression of Global Community‐Associated Methicillin‐ResistantStaphylococcus aureusStrains. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 202(12), 1866-1876. doi:10.1086/657419Bunce, C., Wheeler, L., Reed, G., Musser, J., & Barg, N. (1992). Murine model of cutaneous infection with gram-positive cocci. Infection and Immunity, 60(7), 2636-2640. doi:10.1128/iai.60.7.2636-2640.1992Voyich, J. M., Otto, M., Mathema, B., Braughton, K. R., Whitney, A. R., Welty, D., … DeLeo, F. R. (2006). Is Panton‐Valentine Leukocidin the Major Virulence Determinant in Community‐Associated Methicillin‐ResistantStaphylococcus aureusDisease? The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 194(12), 1761-1770. doi:10.1086/509506Jeklova, E., Leva, L., & Faldyna, M. (2007). Lymphoid organ development in rabbits: Major lymphocyte subsets. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 31(6), 632-644. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2006.10.002Guerrero, I., Ferrian, S., Blas, E., Pascual, J. J., Cano, J. L., & Corpa, J. M. (2011). Evolution of the peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in multiparous rabbit does with two reproductive management rhythms. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 140(1-2), 75-81. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.017Hulstaert, F., Hannet, I., Deneys, V., Munhyeshuli, V., Reichert, T., De Bruyere, M., & Strauss, K. (1994). Age-Related Changes in Human Blood Lymphocyte Subpopulations. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, 70(2), 152-158. doi:10.1006/clin.1994.1023Armand-Lefevre, L., Ruimy, R., & Andremont, A. (2005). Clonal Comparison ofStaphylococcus aureusIsolates from Healthy Pig Farmers, Human Controls, and Pigs. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(5), 711-714. doi:10.3201/eid1105.040866Graveland, H., Duim, B., van Duijkeren, E., Heederik, D., & Wagenaar, J. A. (2011). Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals and humans. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 301(8), 630-634. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2011.09.004Aires-de-Sousa, M. (2017). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among animals: current overview. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 23(6), 373-380. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.11.002Moreno-Grúa, E., Pérez-Fuentes, S., Muñoz-Silvestre, A., Viana, D., Fernández-Ros, A. B., Sanz-Tejero, C., … Selva, L. (2018). Characterization of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Obtained From Commercial Rabbitries Located in the Iberian Peninsula. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01812Viana, D., Selva, L., Callanan, J. J., Guerrero, I., Ferrian, S., & Corpa, J. M. (2011). Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and pathology associated with chronic suppurative mastitis in rabbits. The Veterinary Journal, 190(3), 403-407. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.022Cheng, A. G., DeDent, A. C., Schneewind, O., & Missiakas, D. (2011). A play in four acts: Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation. Trends in Microbiology, 19(5), 225-232. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2011.01.007Chen, X., Du, Y., Lin, X., Qian, Y., Zhou, T., & Huang, Z. (2016). CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells in tumor immunity. International Immunopharmacology, 34, 244-249. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.009Bekeredjian-Ding, I. (2017). Deciphering the significance of the T-cell response to Staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiology, 12(12), 1023-1026. doi:10.2217/fmb-2017-0138Krishna, S., & Miller, L. S. (2011). Innate and adaptive immune responses against Staphylococcus aureus skin infections. Seminars in Immunopathology, 34(2), 261-280. doi:10.1007/s00281-011-0292-6Liu, Q., Mazhar, M., & Miller, L. S. (2018). Immune and Inflammatory Reponses to Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections. Current Dermatology Reports, 7(4), 338-349. doi:10.1007/s13671-018-0235-8Miller, L. S., & Cho, J. S. (2011). Immunity against Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous infections. Nature Reviews Immunology, 11(8), 505-518. doi:10.1038/nri3010Terada, M., Tsutsui, H., Imai, Y., Yasuda, K., Mizutani, H., Yamanishi, K., … Nakanishi, K. (2006). Contribution of IL-18 to atopic-dermatitis-like skin inflammation induced by Staphylococcus aureus product in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(23), 8816-8821. doi:10.1073/pnas.0602900103Syed, A. K., Reed, T. J., Clark, K. L., Boles, B. R., & Kahlenberg, J. M. (2015). Staphlyococcus aureus Phenol-Soluble Modulins Stimulate the Release of Proinflammatory Cytokines from Keratinocytes and Are Required for Induction of Skin Inflammation. Infection and Immunity, 83(9), 3428-3437. doi:10.1128/iai.00401-15Laouini, D., Kawamoto, S., Yalcindag, A., Bryce, P., Mizoguchi, E., Oettgen, H., & Geha, R. S. (2003). Epicutaneous sensitization with superantigen induces allergic skin inflammation. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 112(5), 981-987. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2003.07.007Holtfreter, S., Radcliff, F. J., Grumann, D., Read, H., Johnson, S., Monecke, S., … Wiles, S. (2013). Characterization of a Mouse-Adapted Staphylococcus aureus Strain. PLoS ONE, 8(9), e71142. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071142Kobayashi, S. D., Malachowa, N., Whitney, A. R., Braughton, K. R., Gardner, D. J., Long, D., … DeLeo, F. R. (2011). Comparative Analysis of USA300 Virulence Determinants in a Rabbit Model of Skin and Soft Tissue Infection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 204(6), 937-941. doi:10.1093/infdis/jir441Schmid-Hempel, P., & Frank, S. A. (2007). Pathogenesis, Virulence, and Infective Dose. PLoS Pathogens, 3(10), e147. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030147Inoshima, N., Wang, Y., & Bubeck Wardenburg, J. (2012). Genetic Requirement for ADAM10 in Severe Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 132(5), 1513-1516. doi:10.1038/jid.2011.462Tkaczyk, C., Hamilton, M. M., Datta, V., Yang, X. P., Hilliard, J. J., Stephens, G. L., … Sellman, B. R. (2013). Staphylococcus aureus Alpha Toxin Suppresses Effective Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in a Murine Dermonecrosis Model. PLoS ONE, 8(10), e75103. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075103Wang, R., Braughton, K. R., Kretschmer, D., Bach, T.-H. L., Queck, S. Y., Li, M., … Otto, M. (2007). Identification of novel cytolytic peptides as key virulence determinants for community-associated MRSA. Nature Medicine, 13(12), 1510-1514. doi:10.1038/nm1656Recsei, P., Kreiswirth, B., O’Reilly, M., Schlievert, P., Gruss, A., & Novick, R. P. (1986). Regulation of exoprotein gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus by agr. Molecular and General Genetics MGG, 202(1), 58-61. doi:10.1007/bf00330517Rainard, P., Gitton, C., Chaumeil, T., Fassier, T., Huau, C., Riou, M., … Martin, P. (2018). Host factors determine the evolution of infection with Staphylococcus aureus to gangrenous mastitis in goats. Veterinary Research, 49(1). doi:10.1186/s13567-018-0564-4Salam, A. M., & Quave, C. L. (2018). Targeting Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus by Chemical Inhibition of the Accessory Gene Regulator System In Vivo. mSphere, 3(1). doi:10.1128/msphere.00500-17Cheng, A. G., Kim, H. K., Burts, M. L., Krausz, T., Schneewind, O., & Missiakas, D. M. (2009). Genetic requirements forStaphylococcus aureusabscess formation and persistence in host tissues. 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Plan de empresa para el transporte de alimentación sin romper la cadena del frío

[ES] Este proyecto está basado en la viabilidad de la ampliación de un negocio ya existente. Este negocio se trata actualmente de transporte y logística de mercancía no alimentaria, por ese motivo ahora queremos ver la viabilidad que tendría la ampliación del negocio a una línea en que nos adentramos en el transporte con trailers refrigerados para almacenar y transportar alimentación, concretamente fruta, sin que se rompa por esto la propia cadena del frío. El municipio dónde reside esta empresa es el polígono industrial de Banyeres de Mariola, un pueblo de la montaña del norte de Alicante que cuenta aproximadamente con 8.000 habitantes. Adentrándonos en la historia de propia empresa, ésta es una empresa que se remonta a los años 1985 cuando el fundador y propietario empezó como autónomo sólo con un camión rígido, haciendo recorridos más bien cortos, con el nombre de J.SILVESTRE pocos años después, concretamente en el año 1991 constituyó la empresa SILBATRANS, S.L. A día de hoy esta empresa cuenta con 15 vehículos todos ellos dotados con tecnología punta, la vida de estos en nuestras instalaciones no es más de 5 años por vehículo, por lo que siempre contamos con la mejor y más austera calidad y tecnología. Los que llevan adelante la empresa son 18 personas que velan por el buen funcionamiento y crecimiento de esta. Tenemos una nave en el polígono industrial que consta de 10.000 metros de parcela divididos por 4.500 de nave industrial para almacenaje, oficinas y taller, 500 metros para gasolinera propia, 500 para lavadero y 4.500 descampado.Silvestre García, M. (2016). Plan de empresa para el transporte de alimentación sin romper la cadena del frío. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/74606.TFG

¿Cómo coexisten las especies de hormigas y qué efecto tienen sus comunidades en las montañas mediterráneas? Un análisis a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal en la Sierra de Guadarrama (Madrid)

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ecología. Fecha de lectura: 20-07-2020Esta tesis tiene embargado el acceso al texto completo hasta el 20-01-202

Videoclip de Provença de Lildami amb Marta Mas

Treball Final de Grau en Comunicació Audiovisual. Modalitat C. Codi: CA0932. Curs acadèmic 2021-2022El presente proyecto consiste en la creación de un videoclip musical de la canción Provença del cantante tarrasense Lildami. La canción reflexiona sobre el concepto clásico del amor y las rupturas y muestra una nueva visión del amor sano. Hecho destacable, ya que no suele ser un tema habitual en las canciones del género urbano. Para su correcta realización, se han llevado a cabo todos los procesos de creación, desde la preproducción hasta la distribución. Nuestro objetivo es poner a prueba nuestras capacidades artísticas, e indagar sobre las técnicas de producción y de realización de un tipo de proyecto del que no estamos familiarizadas.This project consists of the creation of a music video for the song "Provença" by the artist Lildami. The song thing about the classical concept of love and breakups and shows a new vision of healthy relationships. It is notable because it is not usually a common theme in the songs of the urban genre. In its proper filming, all the creation processes have been carried out, from preproduction to distribution. Our aim is to test our artistic capabilities and to investigate production techniques and the implementation of a type of project of which we are not familiar

Factors affecting pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) incidence in Mediterranean pine stands: A multiscale approach

The occurrence of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa, hereafter PPM) in Mediterranean pine forests and plantations is of increasing concern as processes such as global warming and forest cover expansion have amplified the frequency and virulence of outbreaks. This study attempts to provide as complete an overview as possible of the different factors involved in pine forest susceptibility to PPM in 98 pine stands in Central Spain. A large study area (∼3,000 km2) was considered, including three different spatial scales (<1 ha, 1 ha, 10 ha) and four different pine tree species (Pinus pinaster, P. nigra, P. sylvestris, P. pinea), monitored over a 4-year period. Models were fitted for each of the three spatial scales, as well as for a combination of them (multiscale model). Pine species had a strong influence on vulnerability to PPM, with higher incidences in stands dominated by P. pinaster and P. nigra and lower for those dominated by P. sylvestris and P. pinea. Grazing pressure, a factor thus far disregarded, was also determining, with a prominent role at both the multiscale and the stand-scale levels. Other variables were highly influential at some of the spatial scales, showing a greater resistance in pine forests or plantations with a higher diversity of pine sizes, greater tree density, and a larger cover of non-host tree species. Open habitats also played a role in PPM incidence: we detected that, both at the locality and the plot scale, the presence of clearings occupied by bushes or rocky outcrops reduced vulnerability to PPM, while the clearings with a more simplified structure produced the opposite effect. We conclude that PPM incidence is greater in structurally simple pine forests, with strong grazing pressure and abundant open spaces without woody vegetation that may favour PPM pupation. To reduce damage by PPM, pine forest and plantations should be managed to avoid oversimplified forest structures. Patches of non-host tree species should be promoted, as well as some presence of shrubs in open areas. This implies avoiding overgrazing and other management models leading to an excessive increase in bare soil. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the implementation of these recommendations should consider the remaining challenges that need to be addressed in the current context of global change, such as the increased risk of wildfires and the emergence of other pests and diseasesThis work was supported by the European Social Fund managed by the Regional Government of Madrid (Remedinal TE-CM: S2018/EMT-4338)Peer reviewe