Avaliação da composição química e atividades biológicas de espécies de passiflora

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Florianópolis, 2009As espécies do gênero Passiflora (Passifloraceae), conhecidas no Brasil como maracujás, são distribuídas principalmente em países da América do Sul e são utilizadas popularmente como sedativas, calmantes, diuréticas e em casos de problemas inflamatórios. P. edulis variedade flavicarpa (maracujá-amarelo) constitui a espécie mais cultivada no país, principalmente para a preparação de suco industrializado. Neste trabalho, esta espécie foi um dos principais objetos de estudo, na qual foi investigada a composição química e as atividades biológicas das folhas e do pericarpo. Adicionalmente foi realizada uma análise qualitativa por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência acoplada a detector de arranjo de diodos (CLAE-DAD), entre espécies de Passiflora nativas da América do Sul. Também foi utilizada a técnica de Cromatografia em Contracorrente de Alta Velocidade (HSCCC) para o isolamento de flavonóides glicosilados da fração butanólica das folhas da espécie P. edulis var. flavicarpa. Por meio de um fracionamento biomonitorado para caracterizar os possíveis compostos responsáveis pela atividade anti-inflamatória do extrato aquoso das folhas de P. edulis var. flavicarpa, foi observado o envolvimento dos flavonóides C-glicosídeos, isoorientina, vicenina-2 e spinosina, na resposta inflamatória, no modelo de pleurisia induzida por carragenina, em camundongos, via i.p. No pericarpo dos frutos da variedade flavicarpa, também foi observada a presença dos flavonóides C-glicosídeos isoorientina, vicenina-2, spinosina e crisina 6,8-di-C-glicopiranosídeo. A avaliação de possíveis atividades neurofarmacológicas demonstrou atividade tipo-ansiolítica e sedativa, e foi possível caracterizar a presença desses flavonóides C-glicosídeos nos extratos ativos do pericarpo. A análise cromatográfica qualitativa, por CLAE-DAD, das folhas e do pericarpo, de diferentes espécies de Passiflora: P. edulis var. flavicarpa, P. edulis var. edulis, P. alata, P. tripartita var. mollissima, P. quadrangularis, P. ligularis e P. manicata, permitiu a caracterização dos extratos vegetais, que apresentaram diferentes perfis cromatográficos e diferentes compostos majoritários, que podem ser utilizados como marcadores químicos para o controle de qualidade desses extrativos vegetais. A técnica de HSCCC foi utilizada para o isolamento de flavonóides glicosilados da fração butanólica das folhas da espécie P. edulis var. flavicarpa. O sistema acetato de etila: n-butanol: água (2:1:3, v/v/v), permitiu a partir de 1g da fração, a obtenção de 46 mg de um composto ainda não identificado e 30 mg de isoorientina, além de permitir a retenção dos flavonóides di-C-glicosilados na fase estacionária, facilitando o processo de purificação desses compostos

Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Local Tissue Damage Induced by Snake Venoms: An Overview from Traditional Use to Pharmacological Evidence

Snakebites are a serious problem in public health due to their high morbimortality. Most of snake venoms produce intense local tissue damage, which could lead to temporary or permanent disability in victims. The available specific treatment is the antivenom serum therapy, whose effectiveness is reduced against these effects. Thus, the search for complementary alternatives for snakebite treatment is relevant. There are several reports of the popular use of medicinal plants against snakebites worldwide. In recent years, many studies have been published giving pharmacological evidence of benefits of several vegetal species against local effects induced by a broad range of snake venoms, including inhibitory potential against hyaluronidase, phospholipase, proteolytic, hemorrhagic, myotoxic, and edematogenic activities. In this context, this review aimed to provide an updated overview of medicinal plants used popularly as antiophidic agents and discuss the main species with pharmacological studies supporting the uses, with emphasis on plants inhibiting local effects of snake envenomation. The present review provides an updated scenario and insights into future research aiming at validation of medicinal plants as antiophidic agents and strengthens the potentiality of ethnopharmacology as a tool for design of potent inhibitors and/or development of herbal medicines against venom toxins, especially local tissue damage

Use of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill extracts from Brazilian Caatinga as an alternative of natural moisturizer in cosmetic formulations

The aim of this work was the obtainment of Opuntia fícus-indica (L.) Mill extract for the development of cosmetic formulations and in vivo evaluation of its moisturizing effects. The formulations were tested for preliminary and accelerated stability. Organoleptic characteristics, pH values and rheological behavior were assessed. The evaluation of moisturizing efficacy of the emulsions formulated with 3.0% of Polyacrylamide (and) C13-14 Isoparaffin (and) Laureth-7 containing 1.0 and 3.0% of O. ficus-indica hydroglycolic extract (EHG001) was performed using the capacitance method (Corneometer(r)) and the transepidermal water loss - TEWL evaluation (Tewameter(r)). The emulsions formulated were stable, exhibiting pseudoplastic and thixotropic behavior. The results of evaluation of moisturizing efficacy showed increased skin hydration after five hours by mainly increasing the skin barrier effect. The formulations containing 1.0 and 3.0% of EHG001 enhanced the skin barrier effect by reducing TEWL up to four hours after application. The results observed suggest that O. ficus-indica hydroglycolic extract may act through a humectant and occlusion mechanism

In Vivo

The species Kalanchoe brasiliensis, known as “Saião,” has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antihistamine activities. It also has the quercetin and kaempferol flavonoids, which exert their therapeutic activities. With extensive popular use besides the defined therapeutical properties, the study of possible side effects is indispensable. The objective of this study is to evaluate the toxicity in vitro and in vivo from the hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of K. brasiliensis. The action of the extract (concentrations from 0.1 to 1000 uL/100 uL) in normal and tumor cells was evaluated using the MTT method. Acute toxicity and subchronic toxicity were evaluated in mice with doses of 250 to 1000 mg/kg orally, following recognized protocols. The in vitro results indicated cytotoxic activity for 3T3 cell line (normal) and 786-0 (kidney carcinoma), showing the activity to be concentration-dependent, reaching 92.23% cell inhibition. In vivo, the extract showed no significant toxicity; only liver changes related to acute toxicity and some signs of liver damage, combining biochemical and histological data. In general, the extract showed low or no toxicity, introducing itself as safe for use with promising therapeutic potential

Pharmacological Insights into Halophyte Bioactive Extract Action on Anti-Inflammatory, Pain Relief and Antibiotics-Type Mechanisms

The pharmacological activities in bioactive plant extracts play an increasing role in sustainable resources for valorization and biomedical applications. Bioactive phytochemicals, including natural compounds, secondary metabolites and their derivatives, have attracted significant attention for use in both medicinal products and cosmetic products. Our review highlights the pharmacological mode-of-action and current biomedical applications of key bioactive compounds applied as anti-inflammatory, bactericidal with antibiotics effects, and pain relief purposes in controlled clinical studies or preclinical studies. In this systematic review, the availability of bioactive compounds from several salt-tolerant plant species, mainly focusing on the three promising species Aster tripolium, Crithmum maritimum and Salicornia europaea, are summarized and discussed. All three of them have been widely used in natural folk medicines and are now in the focus for future nutraceutical and pharmacological applications

Turnera subulata Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

In South America, particularly in the Northeastern regions of Brazil, Turnera subulata leaf extract is used as an alternative traditional medicine approach for several types of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, chronic pain, and general inflammation. Despite its widespread use, little is known about the medicinal properties of the plants of this genus. In this study, we evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of T. subulata leaf extract in an in vitro model of inflammation, using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line. We observed that cotreatment with T. subulata leaf extract was able to reduce the oxidative stress in cells due to inflammatory response. More importantly, we observed that the leaf extract was able to directly modulate inflammatory response by altering activity of members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Our results demonstrate for the first time that T. subulata have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which warrant further investigation of the medicinal potential of this species.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140112/1/jmf.2016.0047.pd

AVALIAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL ANTIMICROBIANO DE EXTRATO HIDROALCOÓLICO E AQUOSO DA ESPÉCIE Anadenanthera colubrina FRENTE À BACTÉRIAS GRAM NEGATIVA E GRAM POSITIVA

A Anadenanthera colubrina que é conhecida popularmente como angico, angico vermelho, dentre outros nomes, pertencente à família Fabaceae, sendo nativa da América do Sul e no Nordeste do Brasil pode chegar a até 7m de altura. Popularmente utiliza-se a decocção da casca do caule no tratamento de complicações do fígado, gonorreia, leucorreia, infecção dos ovários e como depurativo do sangue. Desta forma, investigações laboratoriais acerca das atividades antimicrobianas desta espécie é justificada, sendo este o objetivo central deste frente a patógenos de importância clínica como o Staphylococcus aureus e a Escherichia coli. As amostras vegetais foram coletadas em Santa Cruz / RN, higienizadas, secas e trituradas. O extrato aquoso foi obtido a partir da imersão de 45g de amostra em 450 mL de água destilada em ebulição, exposta por 15 minutos. Sendo filtrado, congelado e liofilizado. O extrato hidroalcoólico foi obtido pela maceração em solução de etanol: água (70:30 v/v), na proporção (1:10 p/v), por 7 dias, sendo filtrado e retirado o solvente em evaporador rotativo. Os extratos foram caracterizados por Cromatografia em Camada Delgada e testados na ação antimicrobiana em diversas concentrações (200 – 6,25 mg/mL) por difusão a disco. Os testes de Cromatografia em Camada Delgada indicaram que o extrato vegetal apresenta compostos apolares flavonoides, possivelmente derivados de quercetina e luteonina. O extrato hidroalcoólico quanto o aquoso foi capaz de inibir o crescimento in vitro da bactéria Staphylococcus aureus, sendo que ambos extratos apresentaram como concentração inibitória mínima 25mg/mL.Palavras-chaves: Angico, Atividade Antimicrobiana, S. aureus. The Anadenanthera colubrina which is popularly known as angico, red angico, among other names, belonging to the Fabaceae family and is native to South America and northeastern Brazil can reach up to 7m high. Popularly used to stem bark decoction in the treatment of liver complications, gonorrhea, leukorrhea, as infection of the ovaries and blood cleanser. Thus, laboratory investigations about the antimicrobial activity of this kind is justified, which is the main objective of this front to pathogens of clinical importance as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Plant samples were collected in Santa Cruz / RN, cleaned, dried and crushed. The aqueous extract was obtained from the sample of 45g immersion in 450 ml of boiling distilled water, exposed for 15 minutes. Being filtered, frozen and lyophilized. The hydroalcoholic extract was obtained by maceration in ethanol: water solution (70:30 v / v) in proportion (1:10 w / v) for 7 days, was filtered and the solvent removed on a rotary evaporator. Extracts were characterized by thin layer chromatography and tested for antimicrobial activity in various concentrations (200 to 6.25 mg / ml) by diffusion disk. Thin Layer Chromatography tests indicated that the plant extract has apolar flavonoid compounds, possibly derivatives of quercetin and luteolin. The hydroalcoholic extract and the aqueous were able to inhibit the in vitro growth of Staphylococcus aureus, both of which extracts presented as the minimum inhibitory concentration 25mg / ml.Keywords: Angico; Antimicrobial Activity; S. aureus

Vegetable moisturizing raw material from “Caatinga” Brazilian biome: safety and efficacy evaluations of O/W cosmetic emulsions containing Kalanchoe brasiliensis extract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of Kalanchoe brasiliensis extract, followed by the development of an oil in water emulsion containing the K. brasiliensis leaves extract and evaluating its clinical moisturizing efficacy. The formulations containing sodium acrylates/ Beheneth-25 methacrylate Crosspolymer (and) hydrogenated polydecene (and) lauryl glucoside and 0.5% of extract were prepared. The extract was considered as non-irritating through skin irritant tests. The stability testing was carried out in different conditions for 90 days. The skin hydration was measured by capacitance measurement and transepidermal water loss using biophysical techniques. The results indicate that the formulation containing 0.5% of extract increased the hydration of the stratum corneum up to 5 h after application on the forearm. The transepidermal water loss was reduced when compared to the untreated area and placebo area. Therefore, we can conclude that the increased skin hydration and protection of barrier function can be attributed to the K. brasiliensis extract. This research presents a new raw material from the Brazilian Caatinga biome and shows its possible application in the development of cosmetic products

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Anacardium occidentale

In tropical America, principally in Northeastern Brazil, the leaf extract of Anacardium occidentale is traditionally used for treatment of different diseases. However, chemical and biological properties and activities of Anacardium occidentale are poorly investigated and known. Here, we evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities “in vitro” of leaf extract from Anacardium occidentale. Our results show that leaf extract exhibits antioxidant activity when used to treat RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Antioxidant effects were observed by decrease in oxidative damage in macrophage cells treated with 0.5 µg/mL and 5 µg/mL of leaf extract. Moreover, leaf extract reversed oxidative damage and inflammatory parameters induced in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Leaf extract at 0.5 µg/mL and 5 µg/mL was able to inhibit release of TNF-α and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated cells. Taken together, our results indicate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of leaf extract from Anacardium occidentale and reveal the positive effects that intake of these products can mediate in biological system