Evaluación “in vitro” de la resistencia a la penetración bacteriana usando dos técnicas de obturación y dos selladores endodónticos frente a una cepa de Enterococcus faecalis

Objetivo: Evaluar “in vitro” la resistencia a la penetración bacteriana utilizando dos diferentes técnicas de obturación, compactación vertical y lateral con dos selladores endodónticos, uno a base de polidimetilsiloxano y el otro a base de hidróxido de calcio y resina epóxica frente a una cepa de Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. Materiales y Métodos: Ochenta y cuatro dientes uniradiculares se dividieron de manera aleatoria en 4 grupos (n=20) y dos grupos de control (n= 4). El grupo I se obturó con la técnica de compactación lateral y sellador Sealer 26, el grupo II se obturó con la técnica de compactación vertical y sellador Sealer 26, el grupo III se obturó con la técnica de compactación lateral y sellador Roeko Seal y el grupo IV se obturó con la técnica de compactación vertical y sellador Roeko Seal. Se utilizó Enterococcus faecalis como marcador bacteriano y la penetración bacteriana se evaluó cada hora durante las primeras 96 horas, posterior a esto cada 12 horas durante 15 días. Resultados: Se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal Wallis (p=0.696) para comparar los 4 grupos y la prueba de la U de Mann Whitney para comparar pares de grupos, al comparar las técnicas de compactación según el sellador endodóntico no se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en ambos materiales (Grupo I y II p=1.000, Grupo III y IV p=0.296). Al comparar los selladores endodónticos según las técnicas de compactación no se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas (Grupo I y III p=0.328, Grupo II y IV p=1.00). Sin embargo se registró un tiempo máximo de 115 horas para el grupo III y un tiempo mínimo de 18:21 horas para el grupo I. Conclusiones: No se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a la resistencia a la penetración bacteriana entre los selladores Roeko Seal y Sealer 26 en combinación con las técnicas de compactación lateral y vertical frente a una cepa de Enterococcus faecalis

Educación, procesos pedagógicos y equidad : cuatro informes de investigación

Desentrañar la manera cómo interactúa el sistema educativo con la desigualdad es un reto de la investigación con consecuencias importantes para el país. Mejorar los desempeños de los estudiantes pobres tiene como posible consecuencia no solamente una reducción de la desigualdad, sino también una mejor formación de capital humano en general, lo cual tiene implicancias importantes para el desarrollo económico y social del país. Dicho reto pasa por investigar tanto lo que ocurre fuera de la escuela como lo que ocurre dentro de ella. En esta oportunidad, los artículos que forman parte de este libro se ubican empíricamente en los procesos que ocurren al interior de las escuelas. Desde diversas perspectivas, todos tienen como preocupación común el investigar la manera cómo la escuela trata las diferentes formas de desigualdad. Y hacer eso supone plantear preguntas acerca de los diferentes procesos pedagógicos que experimentan los estudiantes en las aulas, de la cultura de la escuela y los docentes frente a la desigualdad, de las condiciones de trabajo de escuelas de zonas pobres, entre otras. Supone, en pocas palabras, articular la discusión sobre los procesos pedagógicos, la cultura de la escuela y los docentes y la equidad.Índice. Presentación 9. I. Oportunidades de aprendizaje y rendimiento en matemática de los estudiantes de tercero y cuarto grados de primaria en Lima y Ayacucho / Santiago Cueto, Cecilia Ramírez, Juan León y Gabriela Guerrero 15. II. Currículo y equidad de género en la primaria: una mirada desde el aula. Estudio realizado en tres escuelas estatales de la ciudad de Lima / Giuliana Espinosa 69. III. Estrategias de enseñanza docente en escuelas multigrado / Yolanda Rodríguez 131. IV. El juego como estrategia para alcanzar la equidad cualitativa en la educación inicial. Entornos lúdicos y oportunidades de juego en el CEI y en la familia / Giselle Silva 193. Acerca de los investigadores 254

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care