The Embedded Online Pharmacies Web Application

The embedded online pharmacies system is proposed as a solution for the current medicinal drug shortage in Sri Lanka. With the current economic crisis, there is a serious issue in the society where medicine is lack and the patients do not get them in time. The proposed system consists of two major stakeholders who is the pharmacist and the candidate. It is a platform where all pharmacies are connected locally, and the candidate can search the availability of a particular medication in one go. This system helps in identifying the location of the pharmacy by correctly locating it through google maps. If a particular drug is not available in the online store or if the candidate cannot sort the issue individually, the system provides an option by providing pharmacy help service where a candidate can chat with a pharmacist or upload a prescription in correspondence to the preferred Area of the candidate. This proposed system gives a favorable solution where it connects a candidate to pharmacists around the country and it gives a vast knowledge on the availability of a drug in a particular area in a minimum amount of effort and time. Moreover, this system is a much needed, user-friendly, reliable, and efficient system

Equações alométricas para estimar carbono e biomassa total, aérea e de raízes de campinaranas da Amazônia

The Amazon forest comprises many different forest types, amongst them are campinas and campinaranas, which occur on Amazonian sandy soils, representing 2.65% of Amazonian territory. An understanding of the ecology and quantification of the environmental goods and services of campinaranas is key to their conservation. Based on a direct method to estimate biomass and carbon content of campinarana, we harvested and weighted 89 trees and other forest components in ten randomly allocated plots of 100 m2 (10 x 10 m) and 11 additional trees outside the plots. The data allowed us to describe how biomass is distributed amongst campinarana vegetation and amongst tree compartments. We developed allometric equations to estimate the total, above- and below-ground biomass and carbon stock of this forest type. We used a Weibull function to test if the diameter distribution of the individual trees sampled was consistent with the diameter distribution of the forest type. We also tested if terra-firme forest biomass equations could be used to estimate campinarana biomass, and whether a correction factor based on dominant height would reduce the error from these estimates. Allometric equations are considered to be the most reliable and rapid method for calculating forest biomass, and are used in forest management and climate change studies. These are the first total biomass equations developed for central Amazonian campinaranas. The best fitted allometric equation for total fresh biomass wasln (Total Biomass) = -1.373 + 2.546 * ln DBH (R ² = 0.98, Sxy% = 4.19%).Entre as diversas fitofisionomias da Floresta Amazônica estão as campinas e campinaranas, que ocorrem sobre solos arenosos, ocupando 2,65% de seu território. Baseando-se no método direto, com a finalidade de estimar carbono e biomassa de uma campinarana na Amazônia Central, derrubamos, medimos e pesamos 89 árvores e outros componentes florestais em dez parcelas de 100 m² (10 x 10m) alocadas aleatoriamente, e mais 11 árvores fora das parcelas. A partir dos dados coletados, desenvolvemos equações alométricas para estimar a biomassa total, aérea e de raízes e o estoque de carbono para esse tipo florestal. A função Weibull foi utilizada para comprovar que a distribuição diamétrica das árvores coletadas é análoga a esse tipo florestal. Verificamos, ainda, qual o erro gerado ao se estimar a biomassa da campinarana utilizando equações desenvolvidas para florestas densas de terra-firme, e se o uso de um fator de correção baseado na altura dominante reduziria esse erro. O uso de equações alométricas é considerado o método mais preciso e rápido na obtenção da biomassa florestal, e é utilizado em questões ligadas, entre outras, às áreas de manejo florestal e de clima. Essas são as primeiras equações de biomassa total desenvolvidas para campinaranas nesta região da Amazônia. A melhor equação ajustada para estimar a biomassa total foi: ln(PFtotal) = -1,373 + 2,546 * ln(DAP) (R²=0,98; Sxy%= 4,19)

Effect of cowpea intercropping on weed control and corn yieid

Herbicides have simplified weed control, but the use of herbicides, besides being costly, resulted in the selection of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes and has become an environmental contamination factor. Herbicide use reduction is one of the goals of modern agriculture, with several alternatives being investigated, including intercropping. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cowpea and corn cultivar intercropping on weed control and corn green-ear (immature ears with 80% humidity grains) and grain yield. A completely randomized block design with split-plots and four replications was used. AG 1051, AG 2060 and PL 6880 corn cultivars (assigned to plots) were submitted to the four treatments: no weeding, two hoe-weeding (22 and 41 days after planting), and intercropping with cowpea (BR 14 and IPA 206 cultivars, with indeterminate growth). The cowpea was planted (with corn planting) between the corn rows, in pits 1.0 m apart, with two plants per pit. The corn cultivars did not differ from each other as to weed density (WD), fresh above-ground weed biomass (WB), green-ear yield and grain yields. Higher WD and WB mean values were found in no weeding subplots; lower mean values in two hoe-weeding subplots; and intermediate mean values in intercropped subplots, indicating that cowpea plants had, to a certain extent, control over weeds. The no-weeded plots and the intercropped plots had lower green-ear and grain yields. Although the cowpea cultivars had a certain control over weeds (mean reductions of 22.5 and 18.3%, in terms of green matter density and weight of the above-ground part of weeds, respectively), they also competed against the corn plants, leading to yield reduction (mean reductions of 17.0 and 32% in green ear and grain yield, respectively). The cowpea cultivars did not produce grain, certainly due to the strong competition exerted by the corn and weeds on cowpea plants

Corn cultivar intercropping with arboreal legumes for weed control

Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) seedlings are usually beneficial to corn crops when planted between corn rows. The objective of this work was to assess the effects of corn intercropped with gliricidia and "sabiá" (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia), a species native to the Brazilian northeastern region, on weed control and corn green ear and grain yields. The experiment was carried out at Estação Experimental da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido – UFERSA (Mossoró, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). The experimental design consisted of randomized complete blocks (multifactorial design) with five replications, arranged in split-plots. The plots consisted of corn cultivars AG1051 and BM 2022; subplot treatments (six) were no-hoeing, twice-hoeing (at 20 and 40 days after sowing) and intercropping with gliricidia and "sabiá", either directly sown or transplanted, simultaneously with corn sowing. The intercropped leguminous plants were spaced 0.40 m from each other, and directly seeded or transplanted (30-day-old seedlings) in between two 1 m-spaced corn rows. Twenty three weed species were identified during the experiment. Gliricidia seedlings were superior to "sabiá" seedlings with regard to plant height and survival rate. The highest corn green ear and grain yields were found for twice-hoed subplots, while the lowest yield was found for no-hoed or intercropped subplots. However, grain yield values in intercropped treatments did not differ from grain yield values in hoed plots. In addition, marketable husked green ear mean weights did not differ between twice-hoed subplots and subplots directly seeded with gliricidia and "sabiá". Such results indicated that corn benefited from the intercropping system, but intercropping with gliricidia and "sabiá" transplanted resulted in lower benefits than with the direct sowing of those species.A gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium), plantada entre as fileiras do milho sob a forma de mudas, tem efeito benéfico sobre o milho. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da consorciação do milho com gliricídia ou sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) sobre o controle de plantas daninhas e sobre os rendimentos de espigas verdes e de grãos do milho. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados (multifatorial) em parcelas subdivididas com cinco repetições. Os cultivares AG 1051 e BM 2022, plantados nas parcelas, foram submetidos a seis tratamentos: sem capinas, duas capinas (aos 20 e 40 dias após a semeadura) e consorciação com a gliricídia e sabiá. Nos consórcios, as leguminosas foram cultivadas no espaçamento de 0,40 m, com semeadura direta ou com transplantio (30 dias após a emergência), entre as fileiras do milho, simultaneamente com a semeadura do milho. Vinte e três espécies de plantas daninhas foram identificadas no experimento. A gliricídia foi superior à sabiá na sobrevivência e altura da planta. Os maiores rendimentos de espigas verdes e de grãos foram obtidos com a realização de duas capinas, e os menores, no milho não capinado ou consorciado. Entretanto, os rendimentos de grãos nos consórcios não diferiram do rendimento de grãos nas parcelas capinadas. Além disso, no peso de espigas verdes despalhadas comercializáveis, não houve diferença entre parcelas capinadas e parcelas consorciadas com gliricídia e sabiá, semeadas diretamente. Esses resultados indicam que a consorciação foi benéfica ao milho e que a consorciação com mudas de gliricídia e sabiá é menos benéfica ao milho que a semeadura direta dessas espécies