Perda de heterozigosidade e identificação de portadoras de distrofia muscular de Duchenne: um caso familiar com evento de recombinação

La distrofia muscular de Duchenne y Becker (DMD/DMB) es una entidad de herencia recesiva ligada al cromosoma X que se presenta con debilidad muscular y es causada por mutaciones en el gen de la distrofina. La pérdida de heterocigocidad permite identificar a las mujeres portadoras de deleción en el gen de la distrofina mediante haplotipos. Objetivo: identificar mujeres portadoras en una familia con un paciente afectado de DMD mediante análisis de pérdida de heterocigocidad. Materiales y métodos: se analizaron nueve miembros de una familia con un afectado de DMD. Se hizo extracción de ADN y amplificación de diez STR del gen de la distrofina; se construyeron haplotipos, y se determinó el estado de portadora de deleción en dos de las seis mujeres analizadas, quienes mostraron pérdida de heterocigocidad de tres STR. Se establecieron algunos eventos de recombinación. Resultados: Dos de las seis mujeres analizadas, mostraron perdida de heterocigocidad en tres de los diez STR genotipificados, indicando su estado de portadora de deleción en este fragmento del gen de la Distrofina Con la segregación familiar de los haplotipos se establecieron eventos de recombinación. Conclusiones: mediante pérdida de heterocigocidad es posible establecer el estado de portadora de deleción en el gen de la distrofina con un 100% de certeza. La construcción de haplotipos identifica el cromosoma X portador de la deleción en familiares del caso índice. Se evidenció un evento de recombinación en una de las hermanas del afectado, lo que hace indeterminado su estado de portadora.Duchenne/Becker Muscular Dystrophy (DMD/BMD) is an X-linked recessive disease characterized by muscular weakness. It is caused by mutations on the dystrophin gen. Loss of heterozygosity allows us to identify female carriers of deletions on the dystrophin gen. Objective: identify female carriers in a family with a patient affected by DMD. Material and methods: nine family members and the affected child were analyzed using DNA extraction and posterior amplification of ten STRs on the dystrophin gen. Haplotypes were constructed and the carrier status determined in two of the six women analyzed due to loss of heterozygosity in three STRs. Additionally, we observed a recombination event. Conclusions: loss of heterozygosity allows us to establish with a certainty of 100% the carrier status of females with deletions on the dystrophin gen. By the construction of haplotypes we were able to identify the X chromosome with the deletion in two of the six women analyzed. We also determined a recombination event in one of the sisters of the affected child. These are described with a high frequency (12%). A possible origin for the mutation is a gonadal mosaicism in the maternal grandfather or in the mother of the affected child in a very early stage in embryogensis. This can be concluded using the analysis of haplotypes.A distrofia muscular de Duchenne e Becker (DMD/DMB) é uma entidade de herança recessiva ligada ao cromossoma X que se apresenta com debilidade muscular e é causada por mutações no gene da distrofia. A perda de heterozigosidade permite identificar às mulheres portadoras de deleção no gene da distrofina mediante haplótipos. Objetivo: identificar mulheres portadoras em uma família com um paciente afetado de DMD mediante análises de perda de heterozigosidade. Materiais e métodos: se analisaram nove membros de uma família com um afetado de DMD. De fez extração de ADN e amplificação de dez STR do gene da distrofina; construíram-se haplótipos, e determinou-se o estado de portadora de deleção em duas das seis mulheres analisadas, as quais mostraram perda de heterozigosidade de três STR. Estabeleceram-se alguns eventos de recombinação. Resultados: duas das seis mulheres analisadas mostraram perda de heterozigosidade em três dos dez STR genotipados, indicando seu estado de portadora de deleção neste fragmento do gene da distrofina. Com a segregação familiar dos haplótipos se estabeleceram eventos de recombinação. Conclusões: mediante perda de heterozigosidade é possível estabelecer o estado de portadora de deleção no gene da distrofina com um 100% de certeza. A construção de haplótipos identifica o cromossoma X portador da deleção em familiares do caso índice. Evidenciou-se um evento de recombinação em uma das irmãs do afetado, o que faz indeterminado seu estado de portadora

Correlação genótipo-fenótipo e análise molecular em pacientes com síndrome de Down

El síndrome Down (SD) es la trisomía más común en humanos, presentándose en 1 de cada 745 nacidos vivos y es la causa más frecuente de retardo mental. El origen más observado de la trisomíaes una no disyunción meiótica (95%), la cual generalmente es de origen materno, mientras un 5% se debe a errores post-cigóticos mitóticos. Objetivo: identificar el origen parental delcromosoma 21 extra, el momento del error no disyuncional y establecer una correlación entre estos eventos y las manifestaciones fenotípicas de los pacientes afectados. Materiales y métodos: se estudiaron cincuenta familias con un hijo con SD mediante el uso de cinco short tandem repeats (STR) a lo largo de 21q, se construyeron los haplotipos de cada paciente y sus padres, determinandoel origen parental y el momento en que surgió el error no disyuncional. Resultados:en 80% de las familias el error fue en meiosis I y 20% en la meiosis II; 98% de los cromosomasadicionales fue de origen materno y 2% paterno. Se encontró correlación genotipo-fenotipo en ocho características estudiadas: cuello corto y ancho, tercera fontanela, labio inferior prominente, paladar estrecho y corto, raíz del hélix cruzando la concha, alopecia, pliegue único palmar yotras anomalías como nevus y xeroderma y eventos de recombinación en 24,5% de las familias analizadas. Conclusiones: la edad materna y la variación en el número de recombinaciones está asociada con no disyunciones meióticas I y II; se encontró correlación entre el momento del errorno disyuncional y algunas variables clínicas.Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common trisomy in human beings. Its incidence is estimatedin one of 745 live births. On a global scale, it is the most frequent cause of mental retardation.The origin of this trisomy is due to a meiotic non-disjunction in about 95% of cases and is usuallymaternal, especially in women above 35 years of age. The remaining 5% is due to errors inpost-zygotic mitosis. Objective: identify the parental origin of the extra chromosome 21, whenthe error is not disyuncional and establish a correlation between these events and phenotypic manifestations of the patients affected. Materials and methods: we studied fifty families with achild with DS, using 5 STRs markers along 21q which allowed identification of the origin of chromosome 21 additional parents, the time when the error occurred and recombination presents. Thestatistical analysis was done using the package SPSS version 15.0 for Windows. Results: in 80% of households in the error was meiosis I and 20% in meiosis II, 98% of the additional chromosomes was home maternal and paternal 2% similar to those reported by other authors, correlation was found genotype-phenotype characteristics studied at 8, neck short and wide, third fontanel, prominent lower lip, palate narrow and short, crossing hélix root of the shell, alopecia, singlepalm crease and other anomalies as nevi and xeroderma and recombination events in 24,5% ofthe families tested. Conclusions: the maternal age and variation in the number of recombinationis not associated with disjunctions meiotics I and II genotype phenotype correlation was found, but the sample size should be expanded in order to establish with certainty that the correlations.O síndrome de Down (SD) é a trissomia mais comum em humanos, apresentando-se em 1 de cada745 nascidos vivos e é a causa mais frequentes de retardo mental. A origem mais observada datrissomia é uma não-disjunção meiótica (95%), a qual geralmente é de origem materna, enquantoum 5% se deve a erros pós-zigoticos mitóticos. Objetivo: identificar a origem parental do cromossoma 21 extra, o momento do erro não-disjuncional e estabelecer uma correlação entre esteseventos e as manifestações fenotípicas dos pacientes afetados. Materiais e métodos: se estudaram cinquenta famílias com um filho com SD mediante o uso de cinco short tandem repeats (STR) aolonge de 21q, se construíram os haplótipos de cada paciente e seus pais, determinando a origemparental e o momento em que surgiu o erro não-disjuncional. Resultados: em 80% das famíliaso erro foi em meiose I e 20% na meiose II; 98% dos cromossomas adicionais foi de origem maternoe 2% paterno. Encontrou-se correlação genótipo-fenótipo em oito características estudadas:pescoço curto e amplo, terceira fontanela, lábio inferior proeminente, paladar apertado e curto,raiz da hélix a través da concha, alopecia, prega palmar única e outras anomalias como nevus exeroderma e eventos de recombinação em 24,5% das famílias analisadas. Conclusões:a idade maternae a variação no número de recombinações está associada com não-disjunções meióticas I e II; encontrou-se correlação entre o momento do erro não disjuncional e algumas variáveis clínicas

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: A comprehensive review

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating chronic disease of unknown aetiology that is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) as a disorder of the brain. The disease predominantly affects adults, with a peak age of onset of between 20 and 45 years with a female to male ratio of 3:1. Although the clinical features of the disease have been well established within diagnostic criteria, the diagnosis of ME/CFS is still of exclusion, meaning that other medical conditions must be ruled out. The pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear but the neuro-immuno-endocrinological pattern of CFS patients gleaned from various studies indicates that these three pillars may be the key point to understand the complexity of the disease. At the moment, there are no specific pharmacological therapies to treat the disease, but several studies’ aims and therapeutic approaches have been described in order to benefit patients’ prognosis, symptomatology relief, and the recovery of pre-existing function. This review presents a pathophysiological approach to understanding the essential concepts of ME/CFS, with an emphasis on the population, clinical, and genetic concepts associated with ME/CFS. © 2019 by the authors

Heritabilities, proportions of heritabilities explained by GWAS findings, and implications of cross-phenotype effects on PR interval

Electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements are a powerful tool for evaluating cardiac function and are widely used for the diagnosis and prediction of a variety of conditions, including myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified a large number of genes related to ECG parameter variability, specifically for the QT, QRS, and PR intervals. The aims of this study were to establish the heritability of ECG traits, including indices of left ventricular hypertrophy, and to directly assess the proportion of those heritabilities explained by GWAS variants. These analyses were conducted in a large, Dutch family-based cohort study, the Erasmus Rucphen Family study using variance component methods implemented in the SOLAR (Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines) software package. Heritability estimates ranged from 34 % for QRS and Cornell voltage product to 49 % for 12-lead sum. Trait-specific GWAS findings for each trait explained a fraction of their heritability (17 % for QRS, 4 % for QT, 2 % for PR, 3 % for Sokolow–Lyon index, and 4 % for 12-lead sum). The inclusion of all ECG-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms explained an additional 6 % of the heritability of PR. In conclusion, this study shows that, although GWAS explain a portion of ECG trait variability, a large amount of heritability remains to be explained. In addition, larger GWAS for PR are likely to detect loci already identified, particularly those observed for QRS and 12-lead sum

A combined linkage and exome sequencing analysis for electrocardiogram parameters in the Erasmus Rucphen family study

Electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements play a key role in the diagnosis and prediction of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. ECG parameters, such as the PR, QRS, and QT intervals, are known to be heritable and genome-wide association studies of these phenotypes have been successful in identifying common variants; however, a large proportion of the genetic variability of these traits remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to discover loci potentially harboring rare variants utilizing variance component linkage analysis in 1547 individuals from a large family-based study, the Erasmus Rucphen Family Study (ERF). Linked regions were further explored using exome sequencing. Five suggestive linkage peaks were identified: two for QT interval (1q24, LOD = 2.63; 2q34, LOD = 2.05), one for QRS interval (1p35, LOD = 2.52) and two for PR interval (9p22, LOD = 2.20; 14q11, LOD = 2.29). Fine-mapping using exome sequence data identified a C > G missense variant (c.713C > G, p.Ser238Cys) in the FCRL2 gene associated with QT (rs74608430; P = 2.8 × 10-4, minor allele frequency = 0.019). Heritability analysis demonstrated that the SNP explained 2.42% of the trait's genetic variability in ERF (P = 0.02). Pathway analysis suggested that the gene is involved in cytosolic Ca2+ levels (P = 3.3 × 10-3) and AMPK stimulated fatty acid oxidat

A combined linkage, microarray and exome analysis suggests MAP3K11 as a candidate gene for left ventricular hypertrophy

Background: Electrocardiographic measures of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) are used as predictors of cardiovascular risk. We combined linkage and association analyses to discover novel rare genetic variants involved in three such measures and two principal components derived from them. Methods: The study was conducted among participants from the Erasmus Rucphen Family Study (ERF), a Dutch family-based sample from the southwestern Netherlands. Variance components linkage analyses were performed using Merlin. Regions of interest (LOD > 1.9) were fine-mapped using microarray and exome sequence data. Results: We observed one significant LOD score for the second principal component on chromosome 15 (LOD score = 3.01) and 12 suggestive LOD scores. Several loci contained variants identified in GWAS for these traits; however, these did not explain the linkage peaks, nor did other common variants. Exome sequence data identified two associated variants after multiple testing corrections were applied. Conclusions: We did not find common SNPs explaining these linkage signals. Exome sequencing uncovered a relatively rare variant in MAPK3K11 on chromosome 11 (MAF = 0.01) that helped account for the suggestive linkage peak observed for the first principal component. Conditional analysis revealed a drop in LOD from 2.01 to 0.88 for MAP3K11, suggesting that this variant may partially explain the linkage signal at this chromosomal location. MAP3K11 is related to the JNK pathway and is a pro-apoptotic kinase that plays an important role in the induction of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in various pathologies, including LVH

Twenty-eight genetic loci associated with ST-T-wave amplitudes of the electrocardiogram

The ST-segment and adjacent T-wave (ST-T wave) amplitudes of the electrocardiogram are quantitative characteristics of cardiac repolarization. Repolarization abnormalities have been linked to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. We performed the first genome-wide association meta-analysis of ST-T-wave amplitudes in up to 37 977 individuals identifying 71 robust genotype-phenotype associations clustered within 28 independent loci. Fifty-four genes were prioritized as candidates underlying the phenotypes, including genes with established roles in the cardiac repolarization phase (SCN5A/SCN10A, KCND3, KCNB1, NOS1AP and HEY2) and others with as yet undefined cardiac function. These associations may provide insights in the spatiotemporal contribution of genetic variation influencing cardiac repolarization and provide novel leads for future functional follow-up

Educación y desarrollo personal

Esta obra, fruto de investigaciones teóricas y prácticas, señala los caminos privilegiados que conducen a la persona hacia la plenitud humana y la felicidad. El primero de ellos, la familia, escenario educativo por excelencia, puesto que en su seno se establecen los vínculos constitutivos de la personalidad: paternidad, maternidad y filiación; la familia es el lugar donde cada ser humano es reconocido y amado por sí mismo y aprende el buen ejercicio de su libertad. La escuela y la universidad constituyen el segundo espacio formativo de singular importancia; en este se ayuda a los jóvenes a desarrollar armónicamente la inteligencia, la voluntad y los afectos; lo anterior, a través de la educación formal –científica y humanística– y de aquellas actividades –como el voluntariado o el servicio social– que permiten la expresión de la compasión, la solidaridad, las cualidades artísticas, etc. Distintos ámbitos de desarrollo personal que apuntan a la consolidación de líderes virtuosos capaces de construir una cultura de la vida que camine hacia la paz.Prólogo. 1 · La familia, escuela de libertad para el desarrollo integral. 2 · Formación de la voluntad en jóvenes universitarios: realidad y claves educativas. 3 · Liderazgo virtuoso: un camino de plenitud personal. 4 · Experiencias de voluntariado como estrategia para fomentar habilidades emocionales en jóvenes universitarios. 5 · El amor como factor de desarrollo humano en la pareja. 6 · Hacia una cultura de paz desde el desarrollo humano y la universidad. 7 · El pathos cristiano, vía que conduce a una educación en la compasión. 8 · Estrategias de búsqueda, clasificación y verificación de la información en la web. 9 · Trabajo social y educación para el servicio. 10 · Formación del artista en la obra El arte como experiencia de John Dewey.1a

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs