Produtividade primária em um lago tropical raso brasileiro: experimentos no lago e em mesocosmos

AIM: To evaluate the primary productivity of the phytoplankton in the Lake Monte Alegre, southeastern Brazil, and the factors that influence its fluctuations, experiments were carried out in the lake and in mesocosm; METHODS: Primary productivity rates were measured using the 14C technique, in experiments carried out monthly in the lake, during one year, and in two mesocosm experiments, one in the winter and another in the summer. Other factors also analyzed were temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, chlorophyll-a, alkalinity, nutrients, and nitrogen limitation. Hypotheses on the influence of grazing and excretion by zooplankton and fish on phytoplankton properties were tested in two mesocosm experiments; RESULTS: Higher PP in the water column of the lake occurred in the transition periods, when thermal stratification is unstable, and lower PP in the cool season (frequent mixing) and in mid-summer (more stable stratification). The limiting factor in the cool season seems to be mainly temperature and in mid-summer lower light intensities, due to higher rainfall and overcast, N limitation and physical disturbances caused by storms. PP was not influenced by the zooplankton in the experiment I, despite the effect of grazing on other phytoplankton properties. The excretion by the phytoplanktivorous fish (adults of Tilapia rendalli) enhanced PP in the experiment II, outweighing grazing on the phytoplankton; CONCLUSIONS: We suppose that the preponderant factors which affected primary productivity in the lake were physical and chemical ones, biotic factors having a secondary role. The thermal behavior of the lake, which is warm discontinuous polymictic, governs nutrient losses and releases, influencing PP in addition to other factors related to seasons.OBJETIVO: Para avaliar a produtividade primária do fitoplâncton e os fatores que influenciam suas flutuações foram feitos experimentos no Lago Monte Alegre e em mesocosmos; MÉTODOS: Foram feitos experimentos mensais de produtividade primária (PP), usando o método do 14C, no lago, durante um ano, e em dois experimentos em mesocosmos, um no inverno e outro no verão. Outros fatores medidos foram temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, condutividade elétrica, clorofila-a, alcalinidade, nutrientes e limitação de nitrogênio. Foram testadas hipóteses sobre a influência do consumo e excreção do zooplâncton e peixes sobre o fitoplâncton em dois experimentos realizados em mesocosmos; RESULTADOS: Maior PP na coluna de água do lago ocorreu nos períodos de transição, quando a estratificação é instável, e menor PP na estação fria (circulação freqüente) e no meio do verão (estratificação mais estável). O fator limitante na estação fria parece ser principalmente a temperatura e no meio do verão as intensidades luminosas mais baixas, devido a maior pluviosidade e tempo nublado, limitação de nitrogênio e perturbações físicas causadas por tempestades. PP não foi influenciada pelo zooplâncton no experimento I, apesar do efeito do consumo sobre outros atributos do fitoplâncton. A excreção pelo peixe fitoplanctófago (adultos de Tilapia rendalli) causou o aumento da PP no experimento II, superando o consumo do fitoplâncton; CONCLUSÕES: Nós supomos que os fatores preponderantes que afetam a produtividade primária no lago são físicos e químicos, tendo os fatores bióticos um papel secundário. O comportamento térmico do lago, que é polimíctico descontínuo quente, controla a perda e liberação de nutrientes, influenciando a produtividade primária além de outros fatores relacionados às estações do ano.FAPESPEG

Ts6 and Ts2 from Tityus serrulatus venom induce inflammation by mechanisms dependent on lipid mediators and cytokine production

AbstractInflammatory mediators are thought to be involved in the systemic and local immune response induced by the Tityus serrulatus scorpion envenomation. New functional aspects of lipid mediators have recently been described. Here, we examine the unreported role of lipid mediators in cell recruitment to the peritoneal cavity after an injection with Ts2 or Ts6 toxins isolated from the T. serrulatus scorpion venom. In this report, we demonstrate that following a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Ts2 or Ts6 (250 μg/kg) in mice, there was an induction of leukocytosis with a predominance of neutrophils observed at 4, 24, 48 and 96 h. Moreover, total protein, leukotriene (LT)B4, prostaglandin (PG)E2 and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were increased. We also observed an increase of regulatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-10, after the Ts2 injection. Finally, we observed that Ts2 or Ts6 injection in 5-lipoxygenase (LO) deficient mice and in wild type (WT) 129sv mice pre-treated with LTs and PGs inhibitors (MK-886 and celecoxib, respectively) a reduction the influx of leukocytes occurs in comparison to WT. The recruitment of these cells demonstrated a phenotype characteristic of neutrophils, macrophages, CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes expressing GR1+, F4/80+, CD3+/CD4+ and CD3+/CD8+, respectively. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that Ts2 and Ts6 induce inflammation by mechanisms dependent on lipid mediators and cytokine production. Ts2 may play a regulatory role whereas Ts6 exhibits pro-inflammatory activity exclusively

PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS INCREASES IN A SILT-IMPACTED AREA IN AN AMAZONIAN FLOOD-PLAIN LAKE OVER 15 YEARS

Funding Information: We thank Mineração Rio do Norte S.A. and Limnologia/UFRJ for fieldwork support, Dr. Janet W. Reid (JWR Associates) for language revision, and Leonardo Preza Rodrigues for map charting. VLMH, JCN, FAE, RLB, and FR are partially supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil, RLB, and FAE by FAPERJ, Brazil, and CGR financially supported by Sakari Alhopuro Foundation, Finland. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. All rights reserved.Tailings from bauxite mining in Porto Trombetas (Pará state, Central Amazonia, Brazil) was discharged (1979–1989) into Batata Lake affecting about 30% of its area. The lake belongs to a clear-water flood-plain system along the Trombetas River, a tributary of the Amazon River. Siltation is the main perceived factor impacting aquatic and flooded communities. Besides natural regeneration, a program to restore a section of igapó forest in the impacted area (IA) has been conducted since 1991. Decreased light is the main factor reducing total phytoplankton biomass (PhyBM) in IA. We hypothesized that PhyBM in IA increases over time because of the improvement of the underwater light conditions due to the natural regeneration and restoration. We sampled quarterly PhyBM and limnological variables (depth, transparency, temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total phosphorus), over 15 years (2005–2019) at eight sampling sites in the two areas (N = 349). We also obtained daily climatic and hydrologic data. PhyBM was higher in NIA than in IA. The temporal trend in the annual mean of PhyBM increased significantly over time only in the IA, approximating the NIA values, confirming our general hypothesis. The increase of PhyBM in the IA was negatively related to the residual light attenuation caused by non-phytoplankton turbidity and to total phosphorus, and positively to air temperature and site depth (p < 0.05; Marginal r2 = 0.18; Conditional r2 = 0.29). Instead, in NIA, PhyBM was explained only by the increase in air temperature (p < 0.05; Marginal r2 = 0.15; Conditional r2 = 0.34). We concluded that the PhyBM in the IA positively responds to the synergy between increasing light availability, air temperature, and site depth, and decreasing total phosphorus concentrations, regardless of hydrologic phase.Peer reviewe

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Fitoplâncton de rede da Lagoa do Campelo, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: uma contribuição a seu conhecimento

Este estudo visa contribuir ao conhecimento taxonômico do fitoplâncton de rede da Lagoa do Campelo, Município de Campos, Rio de Janeiro. Analisaram-se amostras referentes aos períodos de chuva e estiagem, tendo sido identificados 42 táxons a níveis específicos e infra-específicos, destes, 8 constituem primeira ocorrência para o Estado. O período de chuvas é caracterizado por maior riqueza de espécies

Tilapia rendalli increases phytoplankton biomass of a shallow tropical lake

AIM: This study aimed to experimentally test the influence of a planktivorous filter-feeding fish (Tilapia rendalli) on the phytoplankton dynamics of a small and shallow tropical reservoir (Lake Monte Alegre, Brazil). Adults of T. rendalli of this lake feed preferentially on phytoplankton, and we hypothesize that: I) adults of T. rendalli will decrease the phytoplankton biomass and composition through direct herbivory, and II) as it is a eutrophic system, fish would not have strong influence on phytoplankton through nutrient cycling. METHODS: To evaluate these different effects on algae, a field experiment was performed in the summer period for 15 days, in mesocosms isolated from the sediment, using a control group (no fish) and a treatment group (with one fish in each mesocosm). Physical and chemical variables and phyto- and zooplankton were evaluated at the start, middle, and end of the experiment. RESULTS: At the end of the experiment, it was observed a significant increase in ammonium concentrations and total phytoplankton biomass, Cyanobacteria and Zygnemaphyceae and all size classes except class II (20-30 µm) in the treatment group (with fish). The biomass increase of the potentially toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermospsis raciborskii was also observed in the fish treatment at the end of the experimental period. CONCLUSION: This study did not support both initial hypotheses. It supports the assertion that in tropical water bodies, with similar characteristics to the environment studied, planktivorous filter-feeding fish, such as T. rendalli, are not effective in reducing phytoplankton biomass through direct grazing, even when phytoplankton is one of their main food items. T. rendalli can contribute to the increase of phytoplankton biomass and can promote or increase the eutrophication of aquatic systems

Competition of Cladocerans for Natural Seston from a Tropical Shallow Lake

The planktonic cladocerans Ceriodaphnia richardi, Daphnia gessneri, and Daphnia birgei inhabit the limnetic and littoral zones of Lake Monte Alegre, where the former species tends to be abundant. Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the competition for seston of the limnetic and littoral zones in cladocerans using life table data. In experiment 1, the species C. richardi and D. gessneri were fed seston from the limnetic zone (1–1.29 mg C L−1); in experiment 2, the species C. richardi and D. birgei were fed seston from the littoral zone. Despite the relatively high concentration of sestonic algae (0.96–1 mg C L−1), with predominance of nanoplankton, C. richardi outcompeted D. gessneri in the experiment with the limnetic seston. The species C. richardi and D. birgei benefited from the presence of each other in the experiment with littoral seston, where nanoplankton predominated, with increases in some parameters of the life table. D. birgei, however, showed better reproductive performance than C. richardi. A comparison between the results of the experiments suggests that the seston of the limnetic zone, in terms of quantity and quality, is better for C. richardi than the littoral seston

Fitoplâncton de rede da Lagoa de Cima, Campos (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil): uma contribuição a seu conhecimento

The paper aims at the taxonomic survey of the net plankton algae of "Lagoa de Cima", located in the Municipality of Campos (21°46'28"S, 41°31'15"W), and which contributes economically to the region besides being an important leisure site. Based on samples collected in periods both of rain and draught, 64 taxa were identified to specific and infraspecific levels and presently described in details. Out of these, 7 are member of the Cyanophyceae, 18 of Chlorophyceae, 20 of Zygnemaphyceae, 10 of Euglenophyceae, 3 of Bacillariophyceae, 2 of Chrysophyceae, 3 of Xanthophyceae, and 1 of Dinophyceae.Este trabalho contribui ao levantamento taxonômico das algas planctônicas de rede da Lagoa de Cima, Município de Campos (21°46'28"S, 41°31'15"W) a qual contribui economicamente para a região além de ser importante área de lazer para a comunidade. Com base na análise de amostras coletadas em períodos de chuva e de estiagem identificaram-se 64 táxons a níveis específico e infra-específico, os quais estão descritos e ilustrados neste trabalho. Destes, 7 são representantes de Cyanophyceae, 18deChlorophyceae, 20 de Zygnemaphyceae, 10 de Euglenophyceae, 3 de Bacillariophyceae, 2 de Chrysophyceae, 3 de Xanthophyceae e 1 de Dinophyceae