Pressões de contato e o impacto de conjuntos motomecanizados em Latossolo com presença e ausência de palhada de cana-de-açúcar

High contact pressures applied to soil result in a greater degree of compaction, in addition to promoting other negative effects. The objective of this study was to quantify contact areas by using different methodologies, and pressures of farm equipment employed in production activity and evaluate structural changes caused in a Red Latosol with the presence and absence of straw cover. The design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme of type 4 (tire on front axle, tire on rear axle, tire on a sugarcane wagon and metallic track of sugar cane Harvester) x 2 (presence and absence of straw). The contact area (CA) of the run was obtained by three procedures: analytical measure of the area of an ellipse (CA1); digital measurement of area of an ellipse (CA2); and measurement of real contact area (RCA), with digital resources. The contact pressure was calculated from the ratio of mass of each machine's axle and the contact area of the run. The contact area obtained according to the procedure of the ellipse (CA1 and CA2) is overrated when compared to actual area obtained digitally (RCA). The straw reduces the contact pressure in the soil, due to the deep tire treads and consequently, increased contact area. Areas where the traffic of the machines occurred with soil covered with the presence of straw showed reduced soil resistance to penetration, cone index and pre-consolidation pressure, confirming that the increased contact area produced by straw reduced the pressure applied and the compression power dissipated in the soil.403265278Altas pressões de contato aplicadas ao solo resultam em um maior grau de compactação deste, além de promover outros efeitos maléficos. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar as áreas e pressões de contato de conjuntos motomecanizados empregados na atividade sucroalcooleira e avaliar as alterações estruturais proporcionadas em um Latossolo Vermelho com e sem cobertura de resíduos vegetais (palha). O delineamento empregado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial do tipo 4 (pneu acoplado no eixo dianteiro, pneu acoplado no eixo traseiro, pneu acoplado a um transbordo agrícola canavieiro e esteira metálica de colhedora de cana de açúcar) x 2 (com e sem palha na superfície). A área de contato (CA) dos rodados foi obtida por três procedimentos: medida analítica da área de uma elipse (CA1); medida digital da área de uma elipse (CA2); e medida da área de contato real (RCA), com recursos digitais. A pressão de contato foi calculada a partir da relação da massa dos eixos de cada conjunto motomecanizado e a respectiva área de contato do rodado. A área de contato obtida de acordo com o procedimento da elipse (CA1 e CA2) é superestimada quando comparada área real, obtida digitalmente (RCA). Os resíduos vegetais diminuem a pressão de contato na interface rodado-solo, devido ao maior aprofundamento das garras do rodado e por consequência, aumento da área de contato. Áreas onde o tráfego das máquinas ocorreu com solo coberto de palha apresentaram menor resistência do solo à penetração, índice de cone e pressão de pré-consolidação, confirmando que o aumento da área de contato produzida pela palha reduziu a pressão aplicada e dissipou a energia de compactação no solo.||High contact pressures applied to soil result in a greater degree of compaction, in addition to promoting other negative effects. The objective of this study was to quantify contact areas by using different methodologies, and pressures of farm equipment employed in production activity and evaluate structural changes caused in a Red Latosol with the presence and absence of straw cover. The design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme of type 4 (tire on front axle, tire on rear axle, tire on a sugarcane wagon and metallic track of sugar cane Harvester) x 2 (presence and absence of straw). The contact area (CA) of the run was obtained by three procedures: analytical measure of the area of an ellipse (CA1); digital measurement of area of an ellipse (CA2); and measurement of real contact area (RCA), with digital resources. The contact pressure was calculated from the ratio of mass of each machine's axle and the contact area of the run. The contact area obtained according to the procedure of the ellipse (CA1 and CA2) is overrated when compared to actual area obtained digitally (RCA). The straw reduces the contact pressure in the soil, due to the deep tire treads and consequently, increased contact area. Areas where the traffic of the machines occurred with soil covered with the presence of straw showed reduced soil resistance to penetration, cone index and pre-consolidation pressure, confirming that the increased contact area produced by straw reduced the pressure applied and the compression power dissipated in the soil

Spatial Variability Of Soil Properties In Archeological Dark Earth Sites Under Cacao Cultivation

Soils with an A horizon formed by human activity, an anthropogenic A horizon, are found in the Amazon Region. Few studies have examined the spatial distribution of the properties of these soils. We mapped the spatial variability of some soil properties in an area of Archaeological Dark Earth (ADE) in the Brazilian Amazon. A sampling grid was defined over an area of 42 x 88 m under cacao cultivation in which sampling points were established at a spacing of 6 x 8 m, for a total of 88 points. Samples were collected from the 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.30 m depth layers. Soil texture, aggregate stability, and organic carbon (OC) analyses were performed on disturbed soil samples. Undisturbed samples were used to determine soil macroporosity (Macro), microporosity (Micro), total porosity (TP), and soil resistance to penetration (RP). The results were analyzed by descriptive statistic, Pearson correlation (p<0.01), and geostatistics. Soil bulk density, total pore volume, and geometric mean diameter are dependent on the total amount of OC in the ADE area. Increased soil bulk density and RP are proportional to a decrease in OC content and lower Micro and TP. Moreover, soil resistance to penetration is influenced by soil water and clay content with depth.4

Soil compressibility and root system of sugarcane with and without controlled‑traffic farming

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a capacidade de suporte de carga do solo em área com cana‑de‑açúcar colhida mecanicamente sem queima, em sistemas de manejo com e sem controle de tráfego agrícola. O controle de tráfego foi feito com ajuste da bitola do trator e transbordo, ou com ajuste da bitola e uso de piloto automático. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em cilindros volumétricos, na soqueira e na entrelinha da cultura (linha de rodado), nas camadas de 0,00–0,10 e 0,20–0,30 m. Avaliou-se a densidade radicular por meio de imagens, obtidas da digitalização de raízes coletadas em monólitos de 0,25x0,10x0,10 m. O manejo sem controle de tráfego apresentou maior capacidade de suporte de carga do solo na linha de plantio, nas duas camadas de solo avaliadas, o que indicou maior compactação. Maior densidade radicular ocorreu no manejo com controle de tráfego com ajuste da bitola e piloto automático, que permitiu maior capacidade de suporte de carga na linha de rodado e preservou a qualidade estrutural na região da soqueira, com reflexo positivo sobre o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular da cana‑de‑açúcar.The objective of this work was to compare the load‑carrying capacity of the soil in a mechanically harvested sugarcane area, without burning, in managements with and without controlled traffic farming. Controlled traffic was done adjusting the gauges of tractor and trailer, or adjusting the gauges and using autopilot. Soil samples were collected in volumetric cylinders in plant rows and inter‑rows (wheel rows), from 0.00–0.10 and 0.20–0.30-m soil depths. Root density was measured by images, obtained by scanning the collected roots in 0.25x0.10x0.10‑m monoliths. The management without controlled traffic showed a higher load‑carrying capacity of the soil in the planting rows, in both soil layers, which indicates a higher compaction. Greater root density occurred in the management with controlled traffic with gauge adjustment and use of autopilot, which made possible a higher load‑carrying capacity in wheel rows, and preserved structural quality in the plant rows, resulting in a greater root system development of sugarcane

Role of Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Leptospirosis in Neotropical Primates

Background: Leptospirosis is considered the most widespread zoonosis worldwide, occurring more frequently in tropical and developing regions. The aim of the present study was to detect the presence of Leptospira spp. in different primate tissues, using immunohistochemical (IHC) assays, taking advantage of the considerable number of necropsies compatible with a diagnosis of leptospirosis in neotropical primates at the Animal Pathology Laboratory (APL) of the University of Passo Fundo (UPF) in the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Paraffin-embedded primate tissue samples were selected from necropsy examinations and subjected to IHC. The streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method was used with diaminobenzidine chromogen (DAB) to verify immunostaining. Of the101 primates tested for Leptospira spp., 51.48% were positive; taining was distributed between lung (76.92%), liver (44.23%), and kidney (32.69%) tissue. Analysis of the combined anatomopathological verification data of the studied organs revealed a high frequency of lesions commonly observed in the tissues of animals exposed to the pathogen. For complementary diagnosis, an anti-Leptospira spp. antibody test was performed in primates at the UPF-Zoo, from which a population of the necropsied animals originated. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was utilized, which demonstrated 90.47% positivity in 21 individuals; sejroe and panama were the most frequent serovars.Discussion: Different intensities of tissue immunostaining were observed. Areas of fragmented or diffuse staining were considered to indicate equal positivity to that indicated by areas of staining with preserved morphology. Of 52 Leptospirapositive primates, most presented some degree of staining in lung samples, which shows a high level of involvement for this organ in primate leptospirosis. Conventional pathological diagnostic methods do not allow fort issue antigen recognition, thus making the IHC technique important to facilitate conclusive antigen sample verification. In the liver, leptospires were detected mostly between the sinusoids, hepatocytes, and Kupffer cells. In kidney tissues, staining indicated small agglomerates in the tubular lumen, interstitium, and glomeruli. All these forms of presentation have been previously reported. Considering that we detected the highest number of positive samples in lung tissue, followed by those from liver and kidney tissue, we argue that the IHC technique, when applied to samples of these three tissues, decreases the chance of false negatives. Anatomopathological studies of primate leptospirosis are scarce. In dogs, renal lesions are characterized by the necrosis and degeneration of tubular epithelium, cellular debris, and hyaline cylinders. In the liver, hepatocyte cord dissociation and biliary pigment accumulation within the canaliculi and hepatocellular necrosis are observed. These findings are similar to those from our study. In the lung, diffuse alveolar lesions are reported, with hemorrhage and edema, in addition to capillaritis. The high frequency of Leptospira-positive animals determined by serological examination was consistent with the IHC findings, thus confirming the pathogen’s high prevalence in neotropical primate populations in the studied region. Serological surveys on primate populations have already been carried out and have revealed frequency and serovar variations between regions. Immunohistochemical examination allows the detection of leptospires in various tissues and should be used based on the characteristics of the investigated case

He-matological and biochemical profile of capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.) kept in captivity

O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de montar um perfil hematológico e bioquímico, estabelecendo possíveis diferenças entre sexo e idade, de macacos-prego (Cebus spp.) mantidos em cativeiros, clinicamente saudáveis. Foram determinados valores hematológicos e mensurados valores bioquímicos para determinação do perfil hepático (ALT, AST, FA, GGT), perfil renal (CREAT e ureia), perfil lipídico (COL e TRIG), perfil proteico (ALB e PT), minerais (CA e P), CK-Total e frutosamina. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 20 animais (10 machos e 10 fêmeas) mantidos no Zoológico da Universidade de Passo Fundo. A análise estatística empregada foi a descritiva para obtenção da média, do desvio padrão, e de valores mínimos e máximos com 95% de confiança. Não foi encontrada diferenças significativas nos valores hematológicos e bioquímicos, para ambos os sexos e faixas etárias estudadas, de macacos-prego. Desse modo, tais valores encontrados corroboram com a literatura existente e aumentam o número de informações disponíveis aos clínicos de animais selvagens.The study was conducted with the aim to mount a hematological and biochemical profile, establishing possible differences between sex and age, capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp) kept in captivity, clinically healthy. Hematological values were determined as well as biochemical tests to avaliate the liver profile (ALT, AST, ALP and GGT), renal profile (CREAT and urea), lipids profile (COL and TRIG), protein profile (ALB and TP), minerals (CA and P), apart from CK-Total and fructosamine. Blood samples were collected from 20 animals (10 males and 10 females) kept in the Zoo at the University of Passo Fundo. It was employed one statistical descriptive, obtaining the mean, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum values with 95% confidence. There was no significant difference in hematological and biochemical values for both sexes and age groups of capuchin monkeys. Therefore, these results corroborate with the present literature, increasing the quantity of information available to Wildlife clinical

Perdas de solo, água e nutrientes por erosão em entressulcos em área sob cultivo de cana crua

Interrill erosion occurs by the particle breakdown caused by raindrop impact, by particle transport in surface runoff, by dragging and suspension of particles disaggregated from the soil surface, thus removing organic matter and nutrients that are essential for agricultural production. Crop residues on the soil surface modify the characteristics of the runoff generated by rainfall and the consequent particle breakdown and sediment transport resulting from erosion. The objective of this study was to determine the minimum amount of mulch that must be maintained on the soil surface of a sugarcane plantation to reduce the soil, water and nutrient losses by decreasing interrill erosion. The study was conducted in Pradópolis, São Paulo State, in 0.5 x 1.0 m plots of an Oxisol, testing five treatments in four replications. The application rates were based on the crop residue production of the area of 1.4 kg m-2 (T1- no cane trash; T2-25 % of the cane trash; T3- 50 % trash; T4-75 % trash; T5-100 % sugarcane residues on the surface), and simulated rainfall was applied at an intensity of 65 mm h-1 for 60 min. Runoff samples were collected in plastic containers and soon after taken to the laboratory to quantify the losses of soil, water and nutrients. To minimize soil loss by interrill erosion, 75 % of the cane mulch must be maintained on the soil, to control water loss 50 % must be maintained and 25 % trash controls organic matter and nutrient losses. This information can contribute to optimize the use of this resource for soil conservation on the one hand and the production of clean energy in sugar and alcohol industries on the other.A erosão em entressulcos acontece devido à desagregação originada pelo impacto das gotas de chuva pelo transporte por meio do escoamento superficial, por arraste e suspensão das partículas superficiais do solo desagregadas, onde se encontram a matéria orgânica e os nutrientes fundamentais para a produção agrícola. A presença de resíduos vegetais sobre a superfície do solo altera as características do escoamento superficial gerado pela chuva e a consequente desagregação e transporte de sedimentos resultantes do processo erosivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a quantidade mínima de palha a ser mantida na superfície do solo, em área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar, para proporcionar menores perdas de solo, água e nutrientes pela redução da erosão em entressulcos. O estudo foi realizado no município de Pradópolis-SP em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, em parcelas experimentais de 0,5 por 1,0 m de comprimento, e constituiu-se de cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições; a dose de aplicação de resíduos teve como base a produção de palha da área local de 1,4 kg m-2 (T1-sem palha; T2-25 % de palha; T3-50 % de palha; T4-75 % de palha; e T5-100 % de palha de cana-de-açúcar em superfície), sendo aplicada uma chuva simulada com intensidade de 65 mm h-1 durante 60 min. Foram coletadas amostras de enxurrada em recipientes plásticos, as quais, em seguida, foram levadas para laboratório para quantificar a perda de solo, de água e de nutrientes. A fim de minimizar a perda de solo por erosão em entressulcos, devem ser mantidos 75 % de cobertura com palha de cana-de-açúcar, 50 % de cobertura para perda de água e 25 % de cobertura para perda de matéria orgânica e nutrientes, o que possibilita otimizar o uso desse recurso tanto para a conservação do solo como para a produção de energia limpa em indústrias sucroalcooleiras.96397

Spatial variability of chemical attributes and coffee productivity in two harvests

Precision agriculture is one of the alternatives that may help maintaining the Brazilian international leadership in coffee production by reducing production costs and increasing competitiveness and product quality. Assessing the spatial variability of soil attributes has a crucial importance for the application of precision agriculture techniques. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the spatial variability of soil chemical attributes and coffee yield in two agricultural seasons. Soil samples were collected in a depth of 0.0-0.2 m, at the crossing points of a regular grid, comprising a total of 68 points located at 25 m-intervals in an area of 6.2 ha. Fruits of four coffee plants around the soil sampling points were collected and the average yield per plant was calculated. The spatial dependence found for chemical attributes and coffee yield as well as the similar behavior of the attributes studied in the different agricultural seasons indicates that the bi-annuity effect did not intervene with the spatial variability of the crop. The large amplitude found for soil chemical attributes justifies to study the differentiated and localized application of fertilizers in coffee plantations. The spatial linear regression showed a similar spatial variability in both chemical attributes and coffee yield in the two studied seasons.O emprego da Agricultura de Precisão pode ser uma das alternativas para o país continuar com a liderança mundial de café, por meio da competitividade nos custos e na qualidade do produto. Objetiva-se com este trabalho, avaliar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos do solo e da produtividade da cultura do cafeeiro em duas safras agrícolas. Amostras de solo foram coletadas na profundidade de 0,0-0,2 m, nos pontos de cruzamento de uma malha com intervalos regulares de 25 m, perfazendo um total de 68 pontos em uma área de 6,2 ha. Os frutos de quatro plantas, em torno dos pontos de cruzamento da malha, foram coletados para o cálculo da produtividade média por planta. A dependência espacial encontrada para os atributos químicos e produtividade da cultura do café, bem como a semelhança de comportamento dos atributos estudados nas diferentes safras, permite inferir que o efeito de bianuidade não interferiu na variabilidade espacial da cultura do café. A grande amplitude nos atributos químicos justifica o estudo da aplicação diferenciada e localizada de fertilizantes na lavoura cafeeira. A regressão linear espacial mostrou comportamento semelhante da variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos e produtividade da cultura do café nas duas safras estudadas.23124

Operational costs of mechanized harvest of coffee

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os custos operacionais da colheita mecanizada do cafeeiro em duas passadas da colhedora. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Capetinga, Município de Boa Esperança, MG. Os experimentos foram realizados com duas passadas da colhedora, definidas de acordo com o índice de ocorrência de grãos verdes na planta. Na primeira passada, com média de 30% de grãos verdes, a velocidade foi fixada em torno de 0,45 m s-1, tendo-se variado as vibrações em 10,83, 12,50, 14,17 e 15 Hz (tratamentos T1, T2, T3 e T4, respectivamente). Na segunda passada, realizada sobre as mesmas parcelas da primeira passada, com média de 10% de grãos verdes, a vibração foi fixada em 16,67 Hz, tendo-se variado as velocidades em 0,60, 0,72, 0,29 e 0,45 m s-1 (tratamentos T1, T2, T3 e T4, respectivamente). Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em parcelas aleatórias com 40 plantas por linha, em média. Para a análise dos custos de colheita, comparou-se a colheita mecanizada com a manual. A redução do custo total da colheita mecanizada é de 62,36% em relação à colheita manual, colhendo com a velocidade operacional de 0,45 m s-1 nas duas passadas.The objective of this work was to evaluate the operational costs of mechanized harvest of coffee in two passes of the harvester. The work was carried out in the Capetinga Farm, Boa Esperança City, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The experiments were made with two passes of the harvester, defined according to the green grain index. In the first pass, with average of 30% green grains, velocity was fixed around 0.45 m s-1, and vibration varied at 10.85, 12.50 14.17 and 15 Hz (treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4). In the second pass, carried out in the same plots of the first pass, with average of 10% green grains, vibration was fixed in 16.67 Hz, and velocity varied at 0.60, 0.72, 0.29 and 0.45 m s-1 (treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4). It was utilized a completely randomized design with four replications, in plots with 40 plants per line, in average. For the analysis of harvest costs, the mechanized harvest was compared with the manual one. The total cost reduction of the mechanized harvest is 62.36% in relation to the manual harvest, with the operational speed 0.45 m s-1 in the two passes

Predição da tensão de cisalhamento do solo em ambientes agrícola e natural do Cerrado brasileiro

The objective of this work was to develop uni‑ and multivariate models to predict maximum soil shear strength (tmax) under different normal stresses (σn), water contents (U), and soil managements. The study was carried out in a Rhodic Haplustox under Cerrado (control area) and under no‑tillage and conventional tillage systems. Undisturbed soil samples were taken in the 0.00–0.05 m layer and subjected to increasing U and σn, in shear strength tests. The uni‑ and multivariate models – respectively tmax=10(a+bU) and tmax=10(a+bU+csn) – were significant in all three soil management systems evaluated and they satisfactorily explain the relationship between U, σn, and tmax. The soil under Cerrado has the highest shear strength (t) estimated with the univariate model, regardless of the soil water content, whereas the soil under conventional tillage shows the highest values with the multivariate model, which were associated to the lowest water contents at the soil consistency limits in this management system.O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver modelos uni e multivariados para estimar a tensão de cisalhamento máxima (tmáx), sob diferentes tensões normais (σn), conteúdos de água (U) e manejos do solo. O estudo foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico sob Cerrado (área controle) e sob os sistemas de plantio direto e convencional. Amostras indeformadas foram retiradas na camada de 0,00–0,05 m e submetidas a U e σn crescentes, durante ensaios de resistência ao cisalhamento. Os modelos uni e multivariados – respectivamente tmáx=10(a+bU) e tmáx=10(a+bU+csn) – foram significativos nos três sistemas de manejo do solo avaliados e explicam satisfatoriamente a relação entre U, sn e tmáx. O solo sob Cerrado apresenta a maior tensão de cisalhamento (t) estimada com uso do modelo univariado, independentemente do conteúdo de água do solo, enquanto o solo sob manejo convencional apresenta os maiores valores com o modelo multivariado, os quais estão associados a menores conteúdos de água nos limites de consistência do solo, nesse sistema de manejo