Production optimization of biodiesel from frying oil waste to reduce the environmental impacts

The objective of this study was to reduce the environmental impacts of used frying oil waste through the production of biodiesel. A 22 factorial planning has been used to evaluate the influences of alcohol/oil and reaction time on the biodiesel production yield. The optimal condition to produce the biodiesel has been found by use of the response surface methodology and analysis of variance to obtain the fitting model. This study was conducted in Campinas city, Brazil, where were collected the waste oil. An analysis of ecological cost also has been developed. Cooking oils collected from Campinas homes were mixed with ethanol in planned proportions (1:9, 1:7 and 1:5) and were transesterified at 60 °C and planned reaction times (30, 60 or 90 min), in order to obtain biodiesel, using 0.1% NaOH as a catalyst. The results of the physical-chemical analyses demonstrated that the biodiesels obtained possessed characteristics close to those required by Brazilian standards. This fuel could be used in fleets of buses, trucks and machines, or even sold to fuel distributors, which results in a solving between US$0.8 and US$4.5 millions. Thus, Campinas would gain environmental credits and become a sustainable city8621625CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQsem informaçãoThe authors thank to Nine July University (UNINOVE) and National Research Council CNPq for the financial support

A smart grid system for reducing energy consumption and energy cost in buildings in São Paulo, Brazil

The National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL) of Brazil, in a bid to encourage energy-conscious energy consumption, has proposed a new sustainable energy tariff modality (the White Tariff) based on off-peak usage. This study aims to compare and contrast situations in which the White Tariff alone is used, and where it is combined with power generation from a generator set or a photovoltaic cell energy system to reduce energy costs. Furthermore, economic, environmental, and social advantages are outlined in the project summaries. Interviews and documentary analyses were conducted in a technology park that uses only the White Tariff and in condominiums that combine the White Tariff with a generator set or a photovoltaic cell system. The data generated was fed into the database of the Horosazonal software to obtain an overview of these companies. Results show that the company adopting the White Tariff alone achieved 19% and US$14,684 in annual savings. However, when the White Tariff is combined with a generator set, the smart grid project proved to be more efficient over time as it obtained an annual benefit of US$35,832 and 62.38% savings. In contrast, the smart grid project combining a photovoltaic cell energy system with the White Tariff achieved an annual benefit of US$52,712, with 68.31% savings and was 1.3 to 5.3 times more profitable than other projects, demonstrating that it was the best smart grip project studied. Furthermore, opting for the White Tariff produced advantages such as a reduction in energy consumption expenses, contributing to a reduction in power outages and blackouts, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and boosting the company image within society. This study shows that energy-conscious consumption combined with the use of renewable energy sources is environmentally and economically advantageous and can provide future generations with a healthier environment in which people can make use of natural resources in a sustainable manner that is sustainable for planet earth1315CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ305987/2018-

Atualizações sobre a rotulagem nutricional dos alimentos

O rótulo dos alimentos são elementos fundamentais de comunicação entre as empresas que produzem alimentos e os consumidores, por isso, é importante que as informações que constam nesses rótulos sejam expressas de forma simples e com fácil entendimento. Considerando que um rótulo apresente mais clareza e legibilidade nas informações nutricionais dos produtos alimentícios foram estabelecidas a RDC nº 429 e a Instrução Normativa nº 75 em 8 de outubro de 2020. Nas novas normas regulamentadoras, dentre as modificações da rotulagem incluem-se, a utilização de rotulagem nutricional frontal nas embalagens, fornecendo informações acerca dos nutrientes que são considerados relevantes para a saúde do consumidor e a tabela nutricional que deve apresentar as informações sobre determinados nutrientes. Essas modificações no rótulo nutricional, contribuem para que o consumidor possa realizar escolhas alimentares mais adequadas e saudáveis

Analysis of power generators efficiency with biodiesel used frying oils

Orientador: Elias Basile TambourgiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia QuímicaResumo: Neste trabalho se analisou os índices de eficiência de consumo de combustível e emissões de gases poluentes de um gerador de energia elétrica de 6 KW operando com 50% da carga nominal. Os equipamentos operaram com biodiesel obtido de óleos de fritura usados e comparou-se nos experimentos o consumo do combustível de misturas de óleo mineral fóssil com 6% de concentração, comercializado nos postos de combustíveis, com biodiesel de óleos fritura usados nas concentrações 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75% e 100% (biocombustível puro), observando-se com resultados o aumento de consumo. Relativo a emissão de gases observou-se índices de emissão de monóxido de carbono (CO) favoráveis para as misturas com baixas concentrações, sendo consideradas menos poluentes. No que tange a emissão de dióxido de carbono (CO2), o gerador de energia apresentou índices razoáveis de queima de combustível, considerada esta opção de biodiesel factível para sua utilização. Verificou-se ainda durante o experimento que para as concentrações de mistura de biodiesel, não ocorrem variações de potência elétrica na saída dos geradores, bem como variações significativas da intensidade sonora que alterem características mecânicas ou elétricas do gerador de energiaAbstract: This paper analyzed the fuel consumption efficiency rates and gas emissions of an electric power generator 6 KW, operating at 50% of rated load. The equipment operated with biodiesel obtained from used frying oils and compared in the experiments the consumption of fossil fuel mineral oil mixtures with 6% concentration, sold at gas stations with biodiesel oils frying used in concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75% and 100% (pure biodiesel), observing results with increasing consumption. On the emission of gases was observed carbon monoxide emission rates (CO) favorable for mixtures with low concentrations and is considered less polluting. With regard to carbon dioxide (CO2), the power generator had reasonable rates of burning fuel, biodiesel considered this feasible option to use. It was also found during the experiment that for biodiesel blend concentrations, there were no variations in the electrical power output of the generator, as well as significant variations in sound intensity which change electrical or mechanical characteristics of the power generatorDoutoradoSistemas de Processos Quimicos e InformaticaDoutor em Engenharia Químic

Attenuation in the internal thermal energy generators, heat exchangers using cold water controlled

Orientador: Elias Basile TambourgiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia QuímicaResumo: Este trabalho apresenta o dimensionamento e cálculos do trocador de calor duplo-tubo de cotato indireto e troca direta, aplicado nas instalações dos geradores elétricos a combustão, com o objetivo de analisar a viabilidade de um projeto para tratamento do ar quente gerado dentro das estruturas metálicas ou canópias. Os dados coletados basearam-se no levantamento de registros de temperatura internas e externas dos geradores, velocidade, pressão e vazão do ar quente nos dutos de saída e por último a utilização de equações da termodinâmica para obtenção dos resultados. Acrescentam-se ainda aos cálculos as propriedades dos fluidos, as dimensões dos tubos e as propriedades térmicas da tubulação do aço, materiais estes utilizados na sua construção. Comparadas as curvas de registros levantadas, obteve-se as temperaturas médias de entrada e saída e interna do motor com média de 27,694°C, 40,814°C e 33,383°C, respectivamente. No caso das curvas de registros da vazão e a diferença de pressão apresentaram pouca oscilação, sendo consideradas como constantes e iguais a 20,496 m3/h e 80,138 Pa, respectivamente. Após os balanços energéticos, o trocador de calor de duplo-tubo ficou determinado como sendo: diâmetro do tubo interno 3 ½ polegada e diâmetro do tubo externo de 6 polegadas, ambos de aço carbono com 13,52 pés de comprimento linear de troca de calor. Usando uma vazão de 1,4 m3/h de água a 23°C, obteve-se uma taxa de troca de calor no sistema de 0,4719 Btu/h. A contribuição deste trabalho é possível com a determinação da taxa de calor trocada no sistema do trocador de calor e assim garantir-se que esta opção de instalação pode ser controlada para obter-se a atenuação térmica interna nos grupos geradores de energiaAbstract: This paper presents the design and calculation of the heat exchanger double-tube indirect and direct exchange, applied on the premises of the combustion electric generators, in order to analyze the feasibility of a project for the treatment of hot air generated within the metal structures or canopies. The data collected were based on survey records of internal and external temperature of generators, speed, pressure and flow of hot air in the ducts output and finally the use of equations of thermodynamics to obtain the results. It is further added to the calculations the fluid properties, the dimensions of the pipes and the thermal properties of the steel pipe, these materials used in its construction. Comparing the curves of records raised, there was obtained the average temperatures of the inlet and outlet and the internal engine ° C mean 27.694, 40.814 ° C to 33.383 ° C, respectively. In the case of records of flow curves and pressure difference showed little change, being considered as constant and equal to 20.496 80.138 m3/he Pa, respectively. After the energy balances the heat exchanger double-tube was determined to be: diameter of the inner tube 3 ½ inch diameter and 6 inch outer tube, both made of carbon steel with 13.52 feet long linear heat exchange . Using a flow rate of 1.4 m3 / h of water at 23 ° C, there was obtained a rate of heat exchange in the system of 0.4719 Btu / hr. The contribution of this work it is possible to determine the rate of heat exchanged in the heat exchanger system and ensure that there is attenuation in internal thermal energy generatorsMestradoSistemas de Processos Quimicos e InformaticaMestre em Engenharia Químic

Data on kinetic, energy and emission performance of biodiesel from waste frying oil

The data presented in this article are related to the research article “Environmental and techno-economic considerations on biodiesel production from waste frying oil in São Paulo city” (Silva Filho et al., 2018) [1]. This article presents the variation of the concentration of waste frying oil (WFO) with the reaction time and temperature during the transesterification of WTOs collected in the residences and restaurants of the city of São Paulo. Then, the biodiesel samples were mixed with the S-10 diesel oil in order to obtain the B10, B20, B30, B40, B50, B75 and B100 blends, which were tested in a diesel engine and their power, fuel consumption and gas emissions (CO, CO2 and SO2) have been measured to verify their greenhouse effect and energy efficiency1812241228CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP301507/2015-52013/15769-8CNPq,FAPIC/CNPq, FAPESPNine July University (UNINOVE) Authors thank to National Council for Scientific Development (CNPq - 301507/2015-5), FAPIC/CNPq, Foundation for Research Support of the State of São Paulo (FAPESP - 2013/15769-8) and Nine July University (UNINOVE) for the financial support

Environmental and techno-economic considerations on biodiesel production from waste frying oil in São Paulo city

Biodiesel is a renewable and biodegradable fuel that reduces the greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. However, the use of food oils in biodiesel production is severely criticised because its impacts on food prices, increase in crop area and deforestation. Thus, the production of biodiesel from non-food sources should be encouraged. This study was aimed at producing biodiesel from waste frying oil from residences and restaurants in an economically and environment-friendly manner. Therefore, a kinetic study of the transesterification reaction was carried out for each frying oil source. Energy and greenhouse gas emission efficiency values were measured in a diesel oil engine. Managers and residents answered some questions for evaluation of the environmental and economic sustainability of the city of São Paulo. The results of measurements showed that the biodiesel kinetics were zero order relative to frying oil concentration, leading to a 90.10% yield, and biodiesel physicochemical properties were in compliance with the Brazilian standards. For blends up to 30%, net power of each biodiesel was equal to that of diesel oil, but the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by 33% compared to diesel oil. The statistical survey revealed that the city of São Paulo has a production potential of more than 8800 m3 per month, which can generate savings of US$5,000,000 per month and an additional profit of US$ 7,000,000 per month owing to the sale of excess biodiesel, glycerin, and carbon credits. Thus, this work shows how to make the city more sustainable and contributes to the improvement of its image18310341042CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPsem informaçã

Data on kinetic, energy and emission performance of biodiesel from waste frying oil

The data presented in this article are related to the research article “Environmental and techno-economic considerations on biodiesel production from waste frying oil in São Paulo city” (Silva Filho et al., 2018) [1]. This article presents the variation of the concentration of waste frying oil (WFO) with the reaction time and temperature during the transesterification of WTOs collected in the residences and restaurants of the city of São Paulo. Then, the biodiesel samples were mixed with the S-10 diesel oil in order to obtain the B10, B20, B30, B40, B50, B75 and B100 blends, which were tested in a diesel engine and their power, fuel consumption and gas emissions (CO, CO2 and SO2) have been measured to verify their greenhouse effect and energy efficiency. Keywords: Biodiesel, Kinetic curves, Greenhouse gas emission, Energy efficienc