The objective of this study was to reduce the environmental impacts of used frying oil waste through the production of biodiesel. A 22 factorial planning has been used to evaluate the influences of alcohol/oil and reaction time on the biodiesel production yield. The optimal condition to produce the biodiesel has been found by use of the response surface methodology and analysis of variance to obtain the fitting model. This study was conducted in Campinas city, Brazil, where were collected the waste oil. An analysis of ecological cost also has been developed. Cooking oils collected from Campinas homes were mixed with ethanol in planned proportions (1:9, 1:7 and 1:5) and were transesterified at 60 °C and planned reaction times (30, 60 or 90 min), in order to obtain biodiesel, using 0.1% NaOH as a catalyst. The results of the physical-chemical analyses demonstrated that the biodiesels obtained possessed characteristics close to those required by Brazilian standards. This fuel could be used in fleets of buses, trucks and machines, or even sold to fuel distributors, which results in a solving between US$0.8 and US$4.5 millions. Thus, Campinas would gain environmental credits and become a sustainable city8621625CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQsem informaçãoThe authors thank to Nine July University (UNINOVE) and National Research Council CNPq for the financial support

Calarge, Felipe Araújo

Miranda, Amanda Carvalho

Santana, José Carlos Curvelo

Silva Filho, Silvério Catureba da

Silva, Arthur de Queiroz e

Silva, Thadeu Alfredo Farias

Tambourgi, Elias Basile

Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

English

Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp

UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS
SISTEMA DE BIBLIOTECAS DA UNICAMP
REPOSITÓRIO DA PRODUÇÃO CIENTIFICA E INTELECTUAL DA UNICAMP
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http://www.davidpublisher.org/Article/index?id=24755.html
DOI: 10.17265/1934-7375/2014.06.011
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J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 8 (2014) 621-625 
 
Production Optimization of Biodiesel from Frying Oil 
Waste to Reduce the Environmental Impacts 
Silvério Catureba da Silva Filho1, 2, Thadeu Alfredo Farias Silva1, Arthur de Queiroz e Silva1, Amanda Carvalho 
Miranda1, Felipe Araújo Calarge1, José Carlos Curvelo Santana1* and Elias Basile Tambourgi2 
1. Laboratory of Processes and Quality Control, Nine July University, São Paulo 05001-100, Brazil 
2. School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-852, Brazil 
 
Received: May 09, 2014 / Accepted: June 06, 2014 / Published: June 25, 2014. 
 
Abstract: The objective of this study was to reduce the environmental impacts of used frying oil waste through the production of 
biodiesel. A 22 factorial planning has been used to evaluate the influences of alcohol/oil and reaction time on the biodiesel production 
yield. The optimal condition to produce the biodiesel has been found by use of the response surface methodology and analysis of 
variance to obtain the fitting model. This study was conducted in Campinas city, Brazil, where were collected the waste oil. An analysis 
of ecological cost also has been developed. Cooking oils collected from Campinas homes were mixed with ethanol in planned 
proportions (1:9, 1:7 and 1:5) and were transesterified at 60 °C and planned reaction times (30, 60 or 90 min), in order to obtain 
biodiesel, using 0.1% NaOH as a catalyst. The results of the physical-chemical analyses demonstrated that the biodiesels obtained 
possessed characteristics close to those required by Brazilian standards. This fuel could be used in fleets of buses, trucks and machines, 
or even sold to fuel distributors, which results in a solving between US$0.8 and US$4.5 millions. Thus, Campinas would gain 
environmental credits and become a sustainable city. 
 
Key words: Biodiesel, ecological cost accounting, factorial planning, frying oil waste. 
 
1. Introduction 
Currently, there are a lot of clamor regarding the 
environment and its sustainability [1]. By the way, the 
search for sources of obtaining biofuels increased, as 
alcohol and biodiesel, because they presented as an 
important option for energy supply, notably as 
renewable substitutes for fossil fuels. Biodiesel can be 
defined as a monoalkyl ester of long chain fatty acids 
derived from a renewable lipid feedstock, such as 
vegetable oil or animal fat [2]. It is sulphur free, 
non-toxic and biodegradable; it reduces the emission of 
gas pollutants and global warming; it is economically 
competitive and may be produced by small companies 
[3, 4]. They are considered as a renewable and endless 
resource, since they are produced from biomass, 
                                                          
*Corresponding author: José Carlos Curvelo Santana, 
D.Sc./Ph.D., research field: chemical engineering. E-mail: 
jccurvelo@yahoo.com.br. 
usually from an agricultural crop, reputed as renewable. 
Besides, it is a current belief that, by replacing oil 
products, their use could reduce greenhouse gases 
emissions [5, 6]. 
With a trend in recent years towards US$2.20/kg, as 
each ton of biodiesel produces over 104.4 kg of 
glycerol, this by-product alone adds US$230 of value 
to each ton of biodiesel produced. The gain in carbon 
credits resulting from reduced CO2 emissions by 
burning cleaner fuels is estimated at roughly 2.5 t of 
CO2 per ton of biodiesel. In the European market, 
carbon credits are sold at around US$9.25/t. Also, it 
can be sold to other nations with CDM (clean 
development mechanism) projects, such as Canada, the 
Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, 
Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, based on carbon 
credits market established in Kyoto Protocol [7]. 
Thus, this work aimed to reduce the environmental 
impacts of used cooking oils through the production of 
D 
DAVID  PUBLISHING 
Production Optimization of Biodiesel from Frying Oil Waste to Reduce the Environmental Impacts 
  
622
biodiesel. A 22 factorial planning has been used to 
evaluate the influences of alcohol/oil and reaction time 
on the biodiesel production yield. The response surface 
methodology was used to obtain the optimal condition 
and the analysis of variance was used to obtain the 
fitting model. This study was conducted in Campinas 
city, Brazil, where were collected the waste oil. An 
analysis of ecological cost also has been developed. 
2. Experiments 
2.1 Experimental Planning 
A 22 factorial design, which had as factors: the 
ethanol/cooking oil volumetric rates and reaction times; 
as showed in Table 1. Fitting the model was performed 
via ANOVA (variance analysis) and the best condition 
can be obtained by RSM (response surface methodology), 
all methods are shown in Refs. [8, 9]. Solid sodium 
hydroxide was used as a catalyst to minimize the 
presence of water after the reaction. A jacketed reaction 
chamber was used to heat a total volume of 100 mL. 
The volume of reagents in the reaction chamber was 80 
mL and the reaction occurred at 60° C (± 2° C) with 
constant agitation for 1 h. The esterified materials were 
centrifuged to separate the glycerol. The blends were 
then transferred to a decanting funnel to separate the 
phases. After resting for 1-2 h, the fractions of 
biodiesel were separated [2-4, 7, 10, 11]. 
2.2 Biodiesel Characterization 
The following properties were determined: specific 
mass at 20° C using the ASTM-D4052 method; flash 
point using ASTM-D93 method; acid value using Ca 
5-40 method; moisture content using the Af 2-54; and 
boiling point using the calorimetric method. These 
methods are found in Refs. [3, 4, 12]. Yield 
calculations were based on Table 2, which displays the 
percentage of fatty acids in soybean oil, and the results 
obtained for residual acid value. Based on this 
composition, mean molecular weight was 835 g/mol 
for soybean oil and 881 g/mol for the blends of ethyl 
esters [3, 4, 7]. 
Table 1  Conditions of manufacture of biodiesels, at 60 °C 
and 0.1 g of NaOH as a catalyser. 
Factors 
Levels 
-1 0 1 
Ethanol/oil rates 1/9 1/7 1/5 
Reaction times 30 60 90 
2.3 Ecological Cost Accounting Strategies 
According to Ref. [13], an operational collaboration 
between shippers is the best methodology for 
optimization of the logistical planning for the 
transportation of products between companies. In this 
work, a proposal of operational collaboration had been 
presented to collect the frying oil waste. 
The considerations for the determination of the cost 
of biodiesel manufactured by used cooking oil were 
following: Campinas city has about 250,000 houses 
and; according to Giraçol et al. [7], 1 L of the used 
cooking oil is produced for house for mouth. Thus, 2.5 
m3 of the used cooking oil can be gotten by month. The 
collection of the used cooking oil will be made through 
the use of reservoir attached in the garbage truck. Thus, 
the costs with logistical planning and with collection of 
used cooking oil will be considered as zero net. The 
used cooking oil will be donated by the population and 
restaurants for the City Hall without taxes. The price 
composition for diesel currently sold in São Paulo state 
will be based in dollar of accordance to Fecombustivel [13]. 
Thus, the biodiesel costs will be associated to diesel oil 
price. The biodiesel production had an associated 
carbon credit [7]. Each 1 t of biodiesel is equivalent to 
2.5 t carbon credit, which are sold by US$9.25/t. This is 
a reducing of biodiesel price. The glycerin is a 
by-product of biodiesel manufacture [7]. Each 1 t of 
biodiesel is equivalent to 104 kg of glycerol, which are 
sold by US$2.20/kg. This also is a reducing of 
biodiesel price, after its sale and the biodiesel has an 
associated price of sale, which is greater than the price 
of diesel oil. 
Table 2 shows the results of the analyses conducted 
on the biodiesel samples in comparison to the maximal 
values  recommended   by  the  Brazilian  Petroleum 
Production Optimization of Biodiesel from Frying Oil Waste to Reduce the Environmental Impacts 
  
623
 
Table 2  Results of quality analyses of biodiesel samples obtained. 
Analysis 
Biodiesel samples 
ANP standard* 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
Yields (%) 93.75 77.14 93.80 50.00 89.34 89.67 89.01 - 
Acid value (%, m/m) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 
Moisture (%, m/m) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 
Density (kg/m³) 891.0 895.5 895.7 887.2 745.0 825.0 836.7 875-900 
Flash point (°C) 33.5 31.0 36.0 31.0 16-20 23-25 37 38 
*ANP resolution [13]. 
 
Regulatory Agency (ANP) [13]. All the parameters 
analyzed fall within the regulatory standards for 
biodiesel in Brazil, which demonstrated the good 
quality of these samples. 
3. Results and Discussion 
Fig. 1 shows the behavior of the yield of biodiesel 
manufacture according to the conditions from the 
experimental planning used in this work. It correlation 
was of 0.98, which, according to the methodology of 
variance analysis, indicated that the model had a good 
fit [8, 9]. It has been noted that the yield was higher in 
ethanol/alcohol rate of 1/9 independent of reaction time. 
It indicates that the ethanol reagent was in excess. The 
optimal condition can be observed at 1/9 of ethanol/oil 
for 30 min of reaction, which observed a yield of 94%. 
For reducing of the time and costs to collect the 
cooking oil used an integrating logistic were used, 
according  to  Ref. [13]. Thus,  the logistic of the 
collection of garbage from Campinas houses could be 
used as a proposal to collect the used cooking oils. 
With collecting of oil and biodiesel production, some 
advantages can be observed, as follows: (1) Soil and 
water body will not be polluted for oil discard; (2) Zero 
net of cost with the purchase of diesel oil fuel; (3) The 
biodiesel   obtained   is   of   low   cost;   (4)  The 
environmental impacts  of its  discard  into  water  bodies 
will be eliminated; (5) This is not topsoil erosion; (6) 
This  is  not  cost  with  fertilizers, herbicides  and 
pesticides; (7) This is not consumption CO2 and abiotic 
materials; (8) It has an insignificant water consumption; 
(9) This is not use of agricultural area, which can 
prevent the expansion of the farming areas; (10) In 
Brazil case, prevents of devastation of forest reserves,  
 
 
Fig. 1  Response surface methodology to optimize the best condition of biodiesel manufacture. 
Production Optimization of Biodiesel from Frying Oil Waste to Reduce the Environmental Impacts 
  
624
 
as the Amazon forest; (11) As the soybean oil is use 
only in human food, thus, it is possible prevent the 
augment of its price and (12) this reduces the criticism 
worldwide in relation to the use of oleaginous plants 
[5-7]. 
The estimated biodiesel price is US$1.83/L, with B3 
increasing the diesel price by US$0.057 [13]. Based on 
the price commercialized at refineries and using the 
biodiesel cost of US$1.83 (which includes 
transportation costs), the cost of biodiesel obtained by 
the public authorities would be composed as follows: 
(1) Assuming that the monthly B3 diesel 
consumption by the bus fleet is 2.84 million L [7] and 
using the distributor’s sales price (US$1.122/L), the 
monthly cost of B3 diesel is calculated as B3 Purchase 
Price = 2.84 million × US$1.122 = US$2.653 million; 
(2) When producing B3, the city would only spend 
on the purchase of pure diesel from the refinery 
(transportation cost included), as all the other charges 
and prices are parts of the minimal price composition 
that the distributor can be commercialized. 
B3 Cost = 2.83 × 106 (L) × (0.97 × 0.62 (US$) + 0.03 
× 1.83 (US$)) = US$1.863 millions 
Therefore, the monthly savings with B3 production 
= (2.653 － 1.871) × 106 = US$ 0.782 millions 
For producing of B3 is need 85,200 L of biodiesel is 
equivalent to 68.2 t of pure biodiesel (B100), which 
give a profit of 7.1 t of glycerol, the potential profit is 
close to US$15,620 from commercialising this 
by-product and 213 t of carbon credits which yields a 
profit of US$1,970. Adding this to the glycerol, the 
profit is US$19,058. 
Therefore, it is possible to save US$0.815 to 
US$4.437 million with the production of B100, B3 and 
biodiesel derivates using biodiesel made from used 
cooking oil, which reinforces the feasibility of the ECA 
(ecological cost accounting) proposal for the city of 
Campinas. 
Table 3 shows a summary of suggested ecological 
cost accounting policy to Campinas city in which it 
noted an initial untenable position with bad situation to 
environmental, social and economical fields. However, 
as we will be applying polices, the situations are 
improving until they reach a full sustainability position 
and all fields. 
The following are the advantages of biodiesel 
production from cooking oil over soybean oil [1, 7]: 
(1) The biodiesel obtained is of low cost; 
(2) The environmental impact of discarding used 
cooking oil into bodies of water will be eliminated; 
(3) There is no topsoil erosion;  
(4) There is no cost with fertilizers, herbicides or 
pesticides; 
(5) There is no consumption of air, CO2 or abiotic 
materials; 
(6) There is negligible water consumption; 
(7) This is no use of agricultural area, thereby 
preventing the expansion of farm areas (in Brazil, 
reducing this expansion prevents the devastation of 
forest reserves, such as the Amazon forest); 
(8) Soybean oil can be used for food products alone, 
thereby avoiding an increase in the price of this oil due 
to its use as a biofuel; 
(9) There will be a reduction in criticism regarding  
 
Table 3  Evaluation of environmental costs of cooking oil disposal for city of Campinas. 
Fields 
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 
Untenable Sustainable operations Full sustainability 
Environmental 
Disposal of used cooking 
oils directly into the 
sewage system 
Raise population awareness 
to store used cooking oil 
Environmental officers of 
city hall collect the used 
cooking oil 
Reutilization of used oil to 
obtain biodiesel and glycerol, 
acquiring carbon credits 
Economical 
High cost with sewage 
treatment and with the 
purchase of biodiesel  
Cost with propaganda and 
lectures 
Zero net 
Solving between US$0.8 and 
US$1.4 millions/year 
Social Bad image of city Motivation of population Good image of city 
Good life quality for the 
population 
 
Production Optimization of Biodiesel from Frying Oil Waste to Reduce the Environmental Impacts 
  
625
 
the use of oleaginous plants for the production of 
biofuels. 
4. Conclusions 
The results of the physical-chemical analyses 
demonstrated that the biodiesels obtained possessed 
characteristics close to those required by Brazilian 
standards. According to response surface methodology, 
the best condition to obtain the biodiesel was observed 
at 1/9 of ethanol/oil for 30 min of reaction, which 
observed a yield of 94%. This fuel could be used in 
fleets of buses, trucks and machines, or even sold to 
fuel distributors, which will be able to give a solving 
between US$0.8 and US$4.5 millions. Thus, Campinas 
would gain environmental credits and become a 
sustainable city. As a proposal to collection the used 
cooking oils must be used the logistic of the collect of 
garbage from Campinas houses, thought of one 
reservoir attached in garbage trucks. 
Acknowledgments 
The authors thank to Nine July University 
(UNINOVE) and National Research Council CNPq for 
the financial supports. 
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