The Chanka: Archaeological Research in Andahuaylas (Apurimac), Peru

In AD 1438 a battle took place outside the city of Cuzco that changed the course of South American history. The Chanka, a powerful ethnic group from the Andahuaylas region, had begun an aggressive program of expansion. Conquering a host of smaller polities, their army had advanced well inside the territory of their traditional rival, the Inca. In a series of unusual maneuvers, the Inca defeated the invading Chanka forces and became the most powerful people in the Andes. Many scholars believe that the defeat of the Chanka represents a defining moment in the history of South America as the Inca then continued to expand and establish the largest empire of the Americas. Despite its critical position in South American history, until recently the Chanka heartland remained unexplored and the cultural processes that led to their rapid development and subsequent defeat by the Inca had not been investigated. From 2001 to 2004, Brian Bauer conducted an archaeological survey of the Andahuaylas region. This project represents an unparalleled opportunity to examine theoretical issues concerning the history and cultural development of late-prehistoric societies in this area of the Andes. The resulting book includes an archaeological analysis on the development of the Chanka and examines their ultimate defeat by the Inca. Series: Monographs 6

Energetically efficient behaviour may be common in biology, but it is not universal: a test of selective tidal stream transport in a poor swimmer

Selective tidal stream transport (STST) is a common migration strategy for a wide range of aquatic animals, facilitating energetically efficient transport, especially of species considered poor swimmers. We tested whether this mechanism applies during the upstream migration of a poor swimmer, the European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis, in a macrotidal estuary. Lamprey (n = 59) were acoustically tagged and tracked in a 40 km section of the River Ouse estuary (NE England) in autumn 2015. Against expectations, lamprey did not use STST and migrated upstream during flood, ebb and slack tide periods. Lamprey also migrated during both day and night in most of the study area, probably due to the high turbidity. The global migration speed (all individuals, over the entire track per individual) was (mean ± SD) 0.15 ± 0.07 m s-1. The migration speed varied significantly between tidal periods (0.38 ± 0.04 m s-1 during flooding tides, 0.12 ± 0.01 m s-1 during ebbing tides and 0.28 ± 0.01 m s-1 during slacks). It was also higher in areas not affected by tides during periods of high freshwater discharge (0.23 ± 0.08 m s-1) than in affected areas (0.17 ± 0.14 m s-1). If the energetic advantages of STST are not employed in macrotidal environments, it is likely that the fitness costs of that behaviour exceed potential energy savings, for example due to increased duration of exposure to predation. In conclusion, STST is evidently not universal in relatively poor swimmers; its use can vary between species and may vary under different conditions

Valorisation of polyolefins into magnetic carbon nanotubes: application as catalysts in wet peroxide oxidation of paracetamol

This work deals with the application of magnetic carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of paracetamol (PCM), a pharmaceutical compound selected as model contaminant of emerging concern (CEC). MCNTs were synthetized by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) at 850 ºC, considering low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP) as carbon precursors representative of urban plastic solid waste. Magnetite supported in alumina (Fe3O4@Al2O3) nanoparticles previously synthesized by sol-gel were used as catalysts in the CCVD process. The synthesized MCNTs were tested in the CWPO of PCM at 80 ºC, monitoring during 24 h the concentration of H2O2, PCM, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and aromatic compounds. All MCNT catalysts show activity allowing to decompose completely the pharmaceutical in aqueous solutions after 360 min. In particular, the MCNTs synthesized from HDPE lead to complete removal of the pollutant after 30 min of reaction. By TOC analysis, it was observed that the CNTs led to obtain mineralization degrees higher than 38% of the pollutant after 24 h. Aromaticity test indicated that the catalyst prepared from HDPE promotes more degradation of the intermediates than the catalyst prepared from LDPE and PP.This work was financially supported by project "PLASTIC_TO_FUEL&MAT – Upcycling Waste Plastics into Fuel and Carbon Nanomaterials" (PTDC/EQU-EQU/31439/2017) and CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) through FEDER under Program PT2020. Fernanda F. Roman acknowledges the national funding by FCT through the individual research grant SFRH/BD/143224/2019.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Degradation of paracetamol by wet peroxide oxidation using carbon nanotubes synthesized from plastic solid waste

Within increased production and economic/social dependence of plastic utilization, an environmental problem has also emerged. In this scenario, plastic solid waste (PSW) recycling/management/recovery has become a problem of public concern, with a global generation estimated at 150 million tonnes per year. Materials produced from PSW can be classified as primary (performance/characteristics equivalent to virgin plastic), secondary (performance’s requirement lower than the original application), tertiary (PSW used as feedstock for the generation of chemicals and fuels), and quaternary (energy recovery via incineration) recycled materials [1]. For instance, pyrolysis of PSW has been extensively used for the thermochemical conversion of useless PSW into oil, gas, and carbon materials, thus classified as terciary recycled material.Adriano S. Silva thanks his doctoral Grant with reference SFRH/BD/151346/2021 financed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), with funds from NORTE2020, under MIT Portugal Program. This work was financially supported by UIDB/05757/2020 (CeDRI), UIDB/00690/2020 (CIMO), LA/P/0045/2020 (ALiCE), UIDB/50020/2020, UI-DP/50020/2020 (LSRE-LCM) and funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC). Fernanda F. Roman acknowledges the national funding by FCT through the individual research grant SFRH/BD/143224/2019info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Estudo da Viabilidade Econômica da Energia Solar para a Oferta de Energia no Setor Residencial do Distrito Federal

A geração de energia elétrica fotovoltaica é obtida através de uma fonte renovável, com alto potencial na matriz energética brasileira. Teve-se como objetivo neste estudo analisar esta possibilidade no contexto do Distrito Federal, através de uma breve análise do primeiro sistema fotovoltaico conectado à rede (SFCR) em uma residência do DF, tendo em vista verificar a eficiência e vantagens do sistema descentralizado, para implantar esta fonte de uma forma viável e eficiente, diversificando a produção de energia e diminuindo a dependência das usinas hidrelétricas. Investimentos públicos e privados podem aumentam a viabilidade dos sistemas fotovoltaicos, favorecendo o crescimento da energia solar no país.Â

Session C7: Tricky Little Lampreys! Efficacy of an Unmodified and Modified Super-Active Baffle Fish Pass for European River Lamprey (Lampetra Fluviatilis)

Abstract: Achieving good upstream passage of lampreys, a threatened group of serpentine fishes, remains a problem. The ability of European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) to pass a Crump weir using a 15% gradient Larinier superactive baffle fish pass during their upstream spawning migration was tested. This type of fish pass has become widespread in Europe in the last two decades, but its efficiency for river lamprey is unknown. River lamprey were PIT tagged (n=350) PIT, a subsample were acoustic tagged (n=31), and all were released downstream in batches in Oct-Dec 2013. Telemetry arrays were installed in the pass (PIT) and river (acoustic) and ran throughout the migration period. Attraction efficiency into the fishway (estimated at 90.1%) was good and half of lampreys entered within 24 h of release, but only one lamprey successfully ascended the pass (0.3% passage efficiency), despite many entering repeatedly. Out of 29 acoustic tagged lamprey that visited the weir, four (13.8%) passed the weir directly. The fishway was unsuitable for river lamprey over a wide range of flows. The pass was modified by addition of vertically mounted peg-and-slot tiles, interrogated at the entrance and exit by PIT telemetry and retested in winter 2014- 15. There was an increase in passage success. Preliminarily, out of 197 river lamprey PIT tagged Oct-Dec 2014, 184 (93.4%) were logged at the fishway entrance. 74 (40.2%) entered the tiles at the downstream end, of which 14 (18.9%) swam up through the tiles successfully. Twelve lamprey (6.5% passage efficiency) were logged at the upstream exit of the pass. Reduced flow velocity in combination with increased availability of resting habitat within the tiles may increase the passage efficiency of this type of fish pass for river lamprey. Although increased, passage efficiency, after placement of the tiles, is still considered far from optimal