Estudo de escoamento reativo em rochas carbonáticas : estudo do efeito da pressão e da salinidade do fluido

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Fernando de Lima Luz JuniorCoorientador: Prof. Dr. Leonardo Fadel CuryDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química. Defesa : Curitiba, 30/03/2021Inclui referências: p. 105-110Resumo: As recentes descobertas de grandes acumulações de CO2 nas bacias do pré-sal, e o desafio de descartar esse gás de acordo com as normas ambientais, impulsionam as pesquisas sobre utilização de CO2 para finalidades de recuperação avançada por WAG (Water Alternating Gas) ou aprisionamento geológico de CO2 (CCS) em rochas carbonáticas. A técnica WAG é uma das demais técnicas de recuperação avançada, e consiste na injeção de água e dióxido de carbono com o objetivo de alterar as propriedades petrofísicas da rocha, devido aos fenômenos reativos. Esses fenômenos podem ser de precipitação e/ou dissolução. Todavia os fenômenos reativos em rochas carbonáticas ainda não são completamente entendidos. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é investigar experimentalmente os fenômenos gerados a partir do escoamento de fluido reativo, em dois tipos de rochas carbonáticas, uma que não passou por diagênese e uma que passou por processos diagenéticos, análogas aos carbonatos encontrados no pré-sal. Utilizou-se uma amostra que não passou pelos processos diagenéticos, proveniente da Patagonia chilena (TP3 C Base) que se formou em um contexto geológico similar ao contexto geológico de formação dos carbonatos do pré-sal. Além disso, utilizou-se outra amostra, que passou por processos diagenéticos, proveniente do poço Fragata localizado na bacia de Campos (6-DEV-18PARJS 5099.280). Durante os ensaios foram alterados parâmetros como pressão e salinidade do fluido de injeção. Antes e após o escoamento, as amostras foram caracterizadas morfologicamente por microtomografia computadorizada de raios X (micro-CT), difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV-EDS), com o objetivo de obter informações sobre as alterações físicas e químicas nas amostras entre os escoamentos. Além disso, também foram feitas análises de fluido por pH e ICP-OES. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em um reator de fluxo contínuo a uma vazão de 1 mL/min e 60 ºC de temperatura. Os resultados demonstraram alterações nas amostras, a partir da variação dos parâmetros de escoamento. Através dos estudos, demonstrouse que além dos fenômenos de dissolução e precipitação, a migração de grãos durante o escoamento causou alterações na estrutura das amostras. Os ensaios demonstraram que a salinidade é um parâmetro importante quando se trata de escoamento reativo, aumentando a porosidade em 4,79% na Amostra TP3 C- Base. Já a amostra 6-DEV-18PA-RJS 5099.280 demonstrou maior estabilidade mineral e menor dissolução. Para essa amostra, o maior aumento na porosidade foi de 0,17%. Os ensaios experimentais de escoamento reativo com as fácies carbonáticas utilizadas neste trabalho são importantes, pois fornecem informações que podem ser aplicadas no entendimento dos fenômenos reativos que podem ocorrer nos carbonatos do pré-sal. Os dados podem ser utilizados para o desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos que simulem o transporte reativo nesses tipos de rochas para fins de CCS, WAG, ou até mesmo entender o impacto que os fenômenos diagenéticos, sob baixa temperatura e pressão, tiveram sobre a qualidade desses reservatórios.Abstract: The recent discoveries of huge accumulations of CO2 in the pre-salt basins, and the challenge of the disposal of this gas according to the environmental regulations, stimulate researches on the use of CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery by WAG (Water Alternating Gas) or CO2 geological trapping (CCS) in carbonate rocks. The WAG technique is one of many Enhanced Oil Recovery techniques, and consists of the injection of water and carbon dioxide in order to change the petrophysical properties in the rock, due to the reactive phenomena. These phenomena could be precipitation and / or dissolution. However, those reactions in carbonate rocks are not yet fully understood. Thus, the aim of this work is to investigate experimentally the reactions generated from the flow of reactive fluid in two types of carbonate rocks, one that hasn't been through any diagenetic process and one that has been through diagenetic processes, samples that fit as analogues to those carbonates found in the pre-salt region. A sample that hasn't been through diagenesis from Chilean Patagonia (TP3 C Base) was used. This sample was generated in a geological context similar to the geological context of formation of the pre-salt carbonates. In addition, another sample was used, a sample that has been through the diagenetic processes, from the Fragata well located in the Campos basin (6-DEV-18PA-RJS 5099.280). During the tests, parameters such as pressure and salinity of the injection fluid were changed. Before and after the flow, the samples were morphologically characterized by X-ray computed microtomography (microCT), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) in order to obtain information about the physical and chemicals changes in the samples between tests. In addition, the reactive fluids were analyzed by pH and ICP-OES. The tests were conducted in a continuous flow reactor at a flow rate of 1 mL / min and 60 ºC temperature. The results showed changes in the samples, caused by the variation of the parameters. In this work, it was demonstrated that, in addition to the dissolution and precipitation reactions, the migration of fine grains during the test caused changes in the structure of the samples. The tests showed that salinity is an important parameter when it comes to reactive flow, increasing the porosity by 4.79% in the TP3 C-Base Sample. The sample 6-DEV-18PA-RJS 5099.280 showed higher mineral stability and less dissolution. For this sample, the highest increase in porosity was 0.17%. The experimental tests of reactive flow in the carbonate facies used in this work are important, since they provide information that can be applied to understand the reactive reactions that can occur in the pre-salt carbonates. The data can be used for the development of mathematical models that simulate the reactive transport in these types of rocks for the purposes of CCS, WAG, or even to understand what were the impacts that the diagenetic processes, that occurred at the low temperature and pressure, had over the reservoir's quality

Cambuí (Myrciaria floribunda (West ex Willd.) O. Berg): A potential nutritional supplement for inhibition of COVID-19 infections / Cambuí (Myrciaria floribunda (West ex Willd.) O. Berg): Um potencial suplemento nutricional para a inibição de infecções por COVID-19

In the present study, we suggest that the Myrciaria floribunda (West ex Willd.) O. Berg fruit (cambuí) is a natural source of potential molecules against COVID-19. Extracts from orange and purple cambuí were obtained by using pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE). Extraction overall yield was 39.66 ± 1.62% and 33.00 ± 8.44% for the extracts of purple and orange cambuí, respectively. All analyzed extracts showed high total phenolic contents, especially those of purple fruits (3870.37 ± 353.09 mg GAE/100g). The total flavonoid content was 693.16 ± 180.09 and 770.08 ± 103.62 mg RE/100g for purple and orange fruit extracts, respectively. The secondary metabolite profile exhibited ellagic acid, ellagitannins, and derivatives of caffeic acid and ellagic acid. PHWE showed a good alternative for molecules separation from cambuí with promising potential for further in vitro and in vivo evaluation against Covid-19 infections

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) phenolic extract inhibits human B-lymphoblastoid cells growth via cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and DNA damage

Aim: As far as is known, the pharmaceutical effects of neem on human B-lymphoblastoid (TK6) cells have not been studied until now. Hence, the present study aimed to obtain neem phenolic extracts for inhibits the proliferation of TK6 cells and explore some possible underlying mechanisms involved in these effects. Methods: Hexane extract (HE) was obtained in the first step. After that, the residual hexane was removed from the neem. The dried neem sample was used in a new extraction for obtaining the ethyl acetate extract (EAE). Total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) tests were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity in TK6 cells. The stop at G0/G1 cell cycle and inducing apoptosis in the TK6 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. For deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage evaluation, the alkaline comet test was used. Results: The higher TFC (65.50 mg/g of extract ± 1.17 mg/g of extract) and TPC (52.08 mg of extract ± 0.88 mg of extract) were obtained in EAE compared to HE that was obtained TFC of 14.61 mg/g of extract ± 0.60 mg/g of extract and TPC of 3.20 mg/g of extract ± 1.20 mg/g of extract. EAE was more significantly cytotoxic to TK6 cells than HE. The apoptosis induction was higher after exposure to 15.0 µg/mL of EAE (11.29%) in comparison to 15.0 µg/mL of HE (2.52%). The G0/G1 phase increased from 72% negative control (NC) to 83% after treatment with neem extracts (15 µg/mL). Neem extracts were also able to cause DNA strand breaks in TK6 cells. Conclusions: The extraction residue from neem leaf after hexane extraction is a source important of cytotoxic and genotoxic molecules against TK6 cells, the results also can suggest that the toxic effects in TK6 cells can be provided most likely due to the presence of high content of TPC from neem extracts.The CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), Program Sandwich Abroad (Process: PDSE 99999.003409/15-5) provided funding for Klebson Silva Santos’ financial support and scholarship in Portugal. This study also was funded by CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development), and FAPITEC/SE (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe). The study also was carried out with financial support from FCT/MEC through national funds and co-financed by FEDER, under the Partnership Agreement PT2020 and the project UID/QUI/50006/2013-POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265. This work was also supported by the UIDB/50006/2020 project, funded by FCT/MCTES (Portugal, through national funds); SYSTEMIC “an integrated approach to the challenge of sustainable food systems: adaptive and mitigatory strategies to address climate change and malnutrition”, a Knowledge hub on Nutrition and Food Security, funded by FWO, INRA, BLE, MIPAAF, IZM, RCN, FCT and AEI in a joint action of JPI HDHL, JPI-OCEANS, and FACCE-JPI launched in 2019 under the ERA-NET ERA-HDHL [696295].info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Influence of additives in the transesterification of crude coconut oil catalyzed by Burkholderia cepacia lipase immobilized onto agro-industrial waste fibers / Influência de aditivos na transesterificação de óleo de coco bruto catalisado por lipase de Burkholderia cepacia imobilizada em fibras de resíduo agroindustrial

In this study was verified the influence of different additives in the transesterification reaction of the crude coconut oil catalyzed with lipase from Burkholderia cepacia  immobilized by physical adsorption onto palm fiber originated from agroindustrial wastes. Reactions was performed under the conditions: molar ratio 1:7 (oil:alcohol), 10 % biocatalyst immobilized for 96 h at 40 °C in the presence in different concentrations of additives (water, tert-butanol, molecular sieve and protic ionic liquids). The results showed that the use of all the additives in this study did not increase conversion to ethyl esters. The maximum conversion in the absence of the additives was 72 %, in the presence of water 45 ± 2 %, molecular sieve 53 ± 2 % and tert -butanol 59 ± 2 %, respectively, all in the lowest concentrations. For ionic liquids, those with higher alkyl chains had the highest conversions, but lower than in their absence

Estudo de escoamento reativo em rochas carbonáticas : estudo do efeito da pressão e da salinidade do fluido

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Fernando de Lima Luz JuniorCoorientador: Prof. Dr. Leonardo Fadel CuryDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química. Defesa : Curitiba, 30/03/2021Inclui referências: p. 105-110Resumo: As recentes descobertas de grandes acumulações de CO2 nas bacias do pré-sal, e o desafio de descartar esse gás de acordo com as normas ambientais, impulsionam as pesquisas sobre utilização de CO2 para finalidades de recuperação avançada por WAG (Water Alternating Gas) ou aprisionamento geológico de CO2 (CCS) em rochas carbonáticas. A técnica WAG é uma das demais técnicas de recuperação avançada, e consiste na injeção de água e dióxido de carbono com o objetivo de alterar as propriedades petrofísicas da rocha, devido aos fenômenos reativos. Esses fenômenos podem ser de precipitação e/ou dissolução. Todavia os fenômenos reativos em rochas carbonáticas ainda não são completamente entendidos. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é investigar experimentalmente os fenômenos gerados a partir do escoamento de fluido reativo, em dois tipos de rochas carbonáticas, uma que não passou por diagênese e uma que passou por processos diagenéticos, análogas aos carbonatos encontrados no pré-sal. Utilizou-se uma amostra que não passou pelos processos diagenéticos, proveniente da Patagonia chilena (TP3 C Base) que se formou em um contexto geológico similar ao contexto geológico de formação dos carbonatos do pré-sal. Além disso, utilizou-se outra amostra, que passou por processos diagenéticos, proveniente do poço Fragata localizado na bacia de Campos (6-DEV-18PARJS 5099.280). Durante os ensaios foram alterados parâmetros como pressão e salinidade do fluido de injeção. Antes e após o escoamento, as amostras foram caracterizadas morfologicamente por microtomografia computadorizada de raios X (micro-CT), difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV-EDS), com o objetivo de obter informações sobre as alterações físicas e químicas nas amostras entre os escoamentos. Além disso, também foram feitas análises de fluido por pH e ICP-OES. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em um reator de fluxo contínuo a uma vazão de 1 mL/min e 60 ºC de temperatura. Os resultados demonstraram alterações nas amostras, a partir da variação dos parâmetros de escoamento. Através dos estudos, demonstrouse que além dos fenômenos de dissolução e precipitação, a migração de grãos durante o escoamento causou alterações na estrutura das amostras. Os ensaios demonstraram que a salinidade é um parâmetro importante quando se trata de escoamento reativo, aumentando a porosidade em 4,79% na Amostra TP3 C- Base. Já a amostra 6-DEV-18PA-RJS 5099.280 demonstrou maior estabilidade mineral e menor dissolução. Para essa amostra, o maior aumento na porosidade foi de 0,17%. Os ensaios experimentais de escoamento reativo com as fácies carbonáticas utilizadas neste trabalho são importantes, pois fornecem informações que podem ser aplicadas no entendimento dos fenômenos reativos que podem ocorrer nos carbonatos do pré-sal. Os dados podem ser utilizados para o desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos que simulem o transporte reativo nesses tipos de rochas para fins de CCS, WAG, ou até mesmo entender o impacto que os fenômenos diagenéticos, sob baixa temperatura e pressão, tiveram sobre a qualidade desses reservatórios.Abstract: The recent discoveries of huge accumulations of CO2 in the pre-salt basins, and the challenge of the disposal of this gas according to the environmental regulations, stimulate researches on the use of CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery by WAG (Water Alternating Gas) or CO2 geological trapping (CCS) in carbonate rocks. The WAG technique is one of many Enhanced Oil Recovery techniques, and consists of the injection of water and carbon dioxide in order to change the petrophysical properties in the rock, due to the reactive phenomena. These phenomena could be precipitation and / or dissolution. However, those reactions in carbonate rocks are not yet fully understood. Thus, the aim of this work is to investigate experimentally the reactions generated from the flow of reactive fluid in two types of carbonate rocks, one that hasn't been through any diagenetic process and one that has been through diagenetic processes, samples that fit as analogues to those carbonates found in the pre-salt region. A sample that hasn't been through diagenesis from Chilean Patagonia (TP3 C Base) was used. This sample was generated in a geological context similar to the geological context of formation of the pre-salt carbonates. In addition, another sample was used, a sample that has been through the diagenetic processes, from the Fragata well located in the Campos basin (6-DEV-18PA-RJS 5099.280). During the tests, parameters such as pressure and salinity of the injection fluid were changed. Before and after the flow, the samples were morphologically characterized by X-ray computed microtomography (microCT), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) in order to obtain information about the physical and chemicals changes in the samples between tests. In addition, the reactive fluids were analyzed by pH and ICP-OES. The tests were conducted in a continuous flow reactor at a flow rate of 1 mL / min and 60 ºC temperature. The results showed changes in the samples, caused by the variation of the parameters. In this work, it was demonstrated that, in addition to the dissolution and precipitation reactions, the migration of fine grains during the test caused changes in the structure of the samples. The tests showed that salinity is an important parameter when it comes to reactive flow, increasing the porosity by 4.79% in the TP3 C-Base Sample. The sample 6-DEV-18PA-RJS 5099.280 showed higher mineral stability and less dissolution. For this sample, the highest increase in porosity was 0.17%. The experimental tests of reactive flow in the carbonate facies used in this work are important, since they provide information that can be applied to understand the reactive reactions that can occur in the pre-salt carbonates. The data can be used for the development of mathematical models that simulate the reactive transport in these types of rocks for the purposes of CCS, WAG, or even to understand what were the impacts that the diagenetic processes, that occurred at the low temperature and pressure, had over the reservoir's quality

Effects of water salinity and nitrogen fertilization on the growth and yield of ‘BRS Gabriela’ castor beans

A mamoneira tem despertado atenção de muitos agricultores por ser mais uma alternativa para o Programa Nacional de Biocombustível e também por sua ampla utilização na indústria ricinoquímica, neste contexto a cultura exigirá grandes áreas de plantio para atender a demanda do mercado de combustíveis. Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar, em ambiente protegido, os efeitos da salinidade da água de irrigação e adubação nitrogenada sobre o crescimento e a produção da mamoneira, cultivar BRS Gabriela. O trabalho foi conduzido no Centro de Tecnologia e Recursos Naturais da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, com três repetições e uma planta por parcela. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco níveis de condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação (CEa), 0,7; 1,7; 2,7; 3,7 e 4,7 dS m-1 associados a quatro doses de nitrogênio 60, 80, 100 e 120 mg de N kg-1 de solo. A interação entre salinidade das águas e doses de nitrogênio não exerceu efeitos significativos sobre as variáveis estudadas. O aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação prejudicou o crescimento em altura e o diâmetro de caule da mamoneira em todas as épocas avaliadas e a área foliar a partir dos 90 dias após a semeadura. O incremento das doses de nitrogênio exerceu efeito positivo sobre área foliar aos 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após a semeadura. A massa total e de cem sementes, rendimento em sementes e número de frutos planta-1 diminuiu com o aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação, sendo a massa total de sementes a variável mais afetada.The castor bean has attracted the attention of many farmers as an alternative crop for the National Program of Biofuel and its extensive use in the ricinochemical industry. The crop requires large planting areas to meet the demands of the fuel market. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of irrigation water salinity and nitrogen fertilization on the growth and production of castor beans, ‘BRS Gabriela’, in a protected environment. The present study was conducted at the Center of Technology and Natural Resources of the Federal University of Campina Grande. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 × 4 factorial with three replications and one plant per plot. The treatments consisted of irrigation water with five electrical conductivity (ECw) levels of 0.7, 1.7, 2.7, 3.7, and 4.7 dS m-1 associated with four nitrogen levels of 60, 80, 100, and 120 mg of N kg-1 of soil. The interaction between water salinity and nitrogen rates did not exert significant effects on the variables studied. Increased salinity of irrigation water affected the growth in height and stem diameter of castor beans in all periods, and leaf area from 90 days after sowing. Increased nitrogen levels had a positive effect on leaf area at 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after sowing. The total mass of seeds, one hundred seed mass, yield, and number of fruits per plant decreased with the increase in water salinity, and the total mass of seeds was the most affected variable