Adesão e formação de biofilme de Escherichia Coli em poli(tereftalato de etileno) e resistência a sanificantes

A compreensão do conceito de biofilmes e de aspectos inerentes a sua estrutura e composição é de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de controle e erradicação de micro-organismos em estado séssil. Assim, o objetivo com este trabalho foi verificar a capacidade de adesão de Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 e de linhagem selvagem na formação de biofilmes em PET. Além disso, descrever e avaliar a eficiência dos sanificantes quaternário de amônia, ácido lático, digluconato de clorexidina e hipoclorito de sódio na redução microbiana das células em estado aderido e planctônico. Para análise da eficiência dos sanificantes em células planctônicas utilizou-se o método de disco-difusão e a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e, para as células aderidas, o teste de CIM. Os resultados obtidos indicaram formação de biofilme pela linhagem padrão ATCC 25922 e isolado selvagem de origem clínica a partir do tempo de 4h. O hipoclorito de sódio não apresentou eficiência na redução populacional de células aderidas e planctônicas em relação aos demais sanificantes testados. O biofilme com isolado selvagem foi sensível a todas as concentrações de quaternário de amônia e inibiu o crescimento até a concentração de 0,002 mg/L no ácido lático, enquanto para o digluconato de clorexidina apresentou crescimento em todas as concentrações. A E. coli ATCC 25922 foi sensível somente às menores concentrações de quaternário de amônia, ácido lático e digluconato de clorexidina. Palavras-chave: Biofilme. Sanitizantes. Poli(tereftalato de etileno). Escherichia coli.

Epidemiological study in Brazilian women highlights that syphilis remains a public health problem

yphilis, an infectious disease considered a global public health concern, can cause stillbirths and neonatal deaths. This highlights the importance of continuous surveillance studies among women of reproductive age. A cross-sectional study was carried out to analyze the prevalence and risk factors associated with Treponema pallidum infection in women assisted by primary health care units in Dourados, a city located in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, which borders Paraguay. A questionnaire was applied to a population-based sample, blood samples were collected for syphilis testing and multivariable analyses were performed to screen associations with T. pallidum infection. The prevalence of T. pallidum infection was 6.04%. Bivariate analysis showed that women referring multiple sexual partners (c2: 6.97 [p=0.014]), income less 2 minimal wages (c2: 15.93 [p=0.003]), who did not have high school (c2: 12.64 [p=0.005]), and reporting history of STIs (c2: 7.30 [p=0.018]) are more likely to have syphilis. In the multivariate analysis, a highest prevalence ratio was observed in women with income less than 2 minimal wages (PR: 0.96 [95% CI: 0.85 - 0.97]), and who did not have high school (PR: 0.94 [95% CI: 0.90 - 0.98]). In addition, 80% of the women reported irregular use of condoms and 63.89% declared having sexual intercourses with multiple partners, which creates more opportunities for the transmission of the infection. These results highlight the need for healthcare systems to implement initiatives to monitor syphilis screening and the commitment of patients and their sexual partners to the treatment in order to achieve a decrease of new cases

Global diversity and antimicrobial resistance of typhoid fever pathogens: insights from a meta-analysis of 13,000 Salmonella Typhi genomes

Background: The Global Typhoid Genomics Consortium was established to bring together the typhoid research community to aggregate and analyse Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Typhi) genomic data to inform public health action. This analysis, which marks 22 years since the publication of the first Typhi genome, represents the largest Typhi genome sequence collection to date (n=13,000). Methods: This is a meta-analysis of global genotype and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants extracted from previously sequenced genome data and analysed using consistent methods implemented in open analysis platforms GenoTyphi and Pathogenwatch. Results: Compared with previous global snapshots, the data highlight that genotype 4.3.1 (H58) has not spread beyond Asia and Eastern/Southern Africa; in other regions, distinct genotypes dominate and have independently evolved AMR. Data gaps remain in many parts of the world, and we show the potential of travel-associated sequences to provide informal ‘sentinel’ surveillance for such locations. The data indicate that ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility (>1 resistance determinant) is widespread across geographies and genotypes, with high-level ciprofloxacin resistance (≥3 determinants) reaching 20% prevalence in South Asia. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid has become dominant in Pakistan (70% in 2020) but has not yet become established elsewhere. Ceftriaxone resistance has emerged in eight non-XDR genotypes, including a ciprofloxacin-resistant lineage (4.3.1.2.1) in India. Azithromycin resistance mutations were detected at low prevalence in South Asia, including in two common ciprofloxacin-resistant genotypes. Conclusions: The consortium’s aim is to encourage continued data sharing and collaboration to monitor the emergence and global spread of AMR Typhi, and to inform decision-making around the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) and other prevention and control strategies

Nota científica: Conservação pós-colheita de laranjas Champagne (Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes recobrimentos e temperaturas de armazenamento na conservação de laranjas Champagne. Após refrigeração e sanitização, os frutos foram submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: 1) controle, sem recobrimento; 2) frutos recobertos com fécula de mandioca a 2% (m/v); 3) frutos recobertos com fécula de mandioca a 4% (m/v); 4) embalagem com filme de PVC esticável; 5) embalagem em saco plástico de polietileno de baixa densidade. Estes frutos foram, em seguida, armazenados em três diferentes temperaturas: ambiente (25ºC / 70 ± 5% UR) e em câmara fria a 3ºC e a 8ºC, com 85 ± 5% UR. Determinou-se a perda de massa pelos frutos; no suco, foram determinados o pH e os sólidos solúveis (SS), a acidez titulável, os açúcares totais e o ácido ascórbico. As amostragens foram realizadas a cada 4 dias, durante 24 dias, nos frutos armazenados em condição ambiente, e a cada 10 dias, durante 60 dias de armazenamento, nos frutos mantidos em câmara fria. Os frutos armazenados a 3ºC apresentaram menor perda de massa. Os frutos do controle e os revestidos com fécula, independentemente da temperatura de estocagem, tiveram perdas maiores do que aqueles embalados em filme de PVC e polietileno. A acidez apresentou redução ao longo do armazenamento em todas as temperaturas estudadas e sem diferenças entre os revestimentos/embalagens. Os tratamentos e o período de armazenamento, independentemente da temperatura, não influenciaram nos resultados de pH, teores de SS, açúcares totais e ácido ascórbico. Os frutos refrigerados a 3ºC mantiveram a qualidade por até 60 dias, desde que acondicionados com polietileno e PVC, enquanto que, sob a temperatura ambiente, a qualidade dos frutos embalados com estes filmes foi mantida por até 20 dias. Frutos embalados com o filme de polietileno apresentaram sinais de podridão e odor estranho a partir do 20º dia, quando armazenados a 25ºC, e a partir do 50º dia, quando armazenados a 8ºC

Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of minimally processed 'Champagne' oranges (Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis) in different packgings Características físico-químicas e microbiológicas de laranjas 'Champagne' (Citrus reticulata x Citrus sinensis) minimamente processadas em diferentes embala

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the level of minimal processing and modified atmosphere on the quality of 'Champagne' orange stored under refrigeration. The fruits were subjected to the following processing: a) whole fruit without flavedo; b) whole fruit without flavedo and albedo; and c) segmented into wedges and packed as follows: uncoated packaging (control); polyethylene film; PVC film; gelatin-based edible films (3%); and polyesthyrene translucent plastic container with a lid. The minimally processed oranges were stored at 5 ± 1°C for 8 days and were subjected to physicochemical and microbiological analyses every two days. Greater weight loss occurred in fruits without flavedo and segmented, uncoated, and coated with the edible gelatin film During storage, there was a slight increase in Total Soluble Solids (TSS) for the treatments with greater weight loss and reduction in acidity and ascorbic acid, regardless of the packaging type. The microbial counts did not exceed the acceptable limits in the treatments; however, higher counts were observed at the end of storage. The minimally processed fruit packed in lidded polystyrene containers and polyethylene and PVC films kept their overall fresh visual appearance with a few physicochemical and microbiological changes up to the 8th day of storage.<br>Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a influência do nível de processamento mínimo e atmosfera modificada na qualidade de laranja 'Champagne' minimamente processada armazenada sob refrigeração. Laranjas submetidas aos seguintes processos: a) remoção do albedo; b) remoção do albedo e flavedo; c) segmentada em gomos, foram acondicionadas em embalagem sem revestimento (controle), com filme de polietileno, com filme de PVC, com revestimento comestível de gelatina a 3% e em pote plástico com tampa de poliestireno. O armazenamento dos frutos foi realizado a 5 ± 1 °C por oito dias, sendo submetidos a análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas a cada dois dias. A maior perda de massa ocorreu em frutos sem flavedo e segmentados, sem revestimento e com película de gelatina. À medida que avançou o período de armazenamento, observou-se ligeira elevação no teor de SST para os tratamentos com maior perda de massa e redução da acidez e ácido ascórbico, sem efeito da embalagem. As contagens microbianas não ultrapassaram os limites preconizados em nenhum tratamento, entretanto, maiores contagens foram verificadas no final do armazenamento. As frutas minimamente processadas embaladas em potes de poliestireno com tampa, filmes de polietileno e PVC mantiveram boa aparência com poucas modificações nas características físico-químicas e microbiológicas até o 8° dia de armazenamento

Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of minimally processed 'Champagne' oranges (Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis) in different packgings

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the level of minimal processing and modified atmosphere on the quality of 'Champagne' orange stored under refrigeration. The fruits were subjected to the following processing: a) whole fruit without flavedo; b) whole fruit without flavedo and albedo; and c) segmented into wedges and packed as follows: uncoated packaging (control); polyethylene film; PVC film; gelatin-based edible films (3%); and polyesthyrene translucent plastic container with a lid. The minimally processed oranges were stored at 5 ± 1°C for 8 days and were subjected to physicochemical and microbiological analyses every two days. Greater weight loss occurred in fruits without flavedo and segmented, uncoated, and coated with the edible gelatin film During storage, there was a slight increase in Total Soluble Solids (TSS) for the treatments with greater weight loss and reduction in acidity and ascorbic acid, regardless of the packaging type. The microbial counts did not exceed the acceptable limits in the treatments; however, higher counts were observed at the end of storage. The minimally processed fruit packed in lidded polystyrene containers and polyethylene and PVC films kept their overall fresh visual appearance with a few physicochemical and microbiological changes up to the 8th day of storage

Genetic Diversity of Virulent Polymyxin-Resistant Klebsiella aerogenes Isolated from Intensive Care Units

This study evaluated the scope and genetic basis of polymyxin-resistant Klebsiella aerogenes in Brazil. Eight polymyxin-resistant and carbapenemase-producing K. aerogenes strains were isolated from patients admitted to the ICU of a tertiary hospital. Bacterial species were identified by automated systems and antimicrobial susceptibility profile was confirmed using broth microdilution. The strains displayed a multidrug resistant profile and were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a variety of antimicrobial resistance genes, including the blaKPC-2. No plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene was identified. Nonetheless, nonsynonymous mutations in mgrB, pmrA, pmrB, and eptA were detected, justifying the colistin resistance phenotype. Virulence genes encoding yersiniabactin, colibactin, and aerobactin were also found, associated with ICEKp4 and ICEKp10, and might be related to the high mortality observed among the patients. In fact, this is the first time ICEKp is identified in K. aerogenes in Brazil. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the strains into two clonal groups, belonging to ST93 and ST16. In summary, the co-existence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors is deeply worrying, as it could lead to the emergence of untreatable invasive infections. All these factors reinforce the need for surveillance programs to monitor the evolution and dissemination of multidrug resistant and virulent strains among critically ill patients