Test beam operation of the CMS calorimeter trigger synchronization boards

The CMS experiment uses information from its electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters and muon detectors to decide whether to readout the whole detector. For such a task to be successful, all trigger primitives pushed through the trigger decision tree must be flawlessly aligned in time for operation at 40 MHz. Both calorimeters in CMS use the Synchronization Link Board for this purpose. In this article we report on the results of tests of this board using realistic beam conditions, which demonstrate the soundness of the adopted architecture and synchronization principle

Application of ultrasound in cervical cancer (a case report and updated literature review)

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Non-Volatile Memory Interface Protocols for Smart Sensor Networks and Mobile Devices

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Analog to Digital Conversion Methods for Smart Sensing Systems

The new capabilities of smart sensing systems namely, adaptability, reconfiguration, lowenergy consumption and cost, between others, require a wisely selection of the methods that are use to perform analog to digital conversion. It is very important to optimize the trade-offs between, resolution, accuracy, conversion rate, and energy consumption, between others, and above all to adapt dynamically the conversion parameters for different signals characteristics and applications\\u27 purposes. Establishing the best trade-offs are even more important when signals to be digitized have different signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) ratios, different requirements of measuring accuracy and acquisition rate, their characteristics are time-variant and above all if they are sharing the same digitalization device. Very low resolution or conversion rate of data acquisition (DAQs) systems are generally not compliant with measurement systems\\u27 requirements since signal information is lost without any possible recovery procedure. Otherwise, if resolution or data acquisition rate are excessively high that means the sampling rate is much higher than its minimum value (Nyquist rate), the excessive amplitude and time resolutions provided by A/D conversion or frequency-to-digital conversion (FDC) does not improve measurements system\\u27s performance. Moreover, the excessive resolution or data acquisition rate implies an increase of hardware and software complexity, data processing load and a higher implementation cost, without any benefits. So, for any A/D or FDC conversion method the best trade-off between different conversion characteristics must be established considering applications\\u27 purposes. For example, in wireless sensing and actuating networks (WSAN) energy wastes are particularly important because a wrong choice of conversion method can affect deeply measurement system autonomy. Whenever possible, classical A/D conversion methods are being replaced by discrete A/D conversion methods that are supported by low cost microcontroller (C) (Microchip, 2010) connected to a few external resistive or capacitive components. This solution takes full advantage of Cs benefits, namely specific hardware and software capabilities and it provides a conversion rate that can be higher that several hundreds of kHz that is sufficien